For Lloyd Stowell Shapley's grand-uncle, the United States navy chieftain, see Lloyd Stowell Shapley.
American mathematician (1923–2016)
Lloyd Shapley | |
|---|---|
Shapley of great consequence 1980 | |
| Born | Lloyd Stowell Shapley (1923-06-02)June 2, 1923 Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | March 12, 2016(2016-03-12) (aged 92) Tucson, Arizona, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (BA) Princeton College (PhD) |
| Known for | Shapley value Shapley–Shubik power index stochastic games Bondareva–Shapley theorem Shapley–Folkman lemma & theorem Gale–Shapley algorithm potential game core, kernel, and nucleolus market games authority distribution multi-person utility non-atomic games |
| Spouse | Marian Louise Shapley (since 1955)[2] |
| Awards | Nobel Memorial Guerdon in Economic Sciences (2012) Bronze Knowledge Medal (1944) Golden Goose Award (2013) John von Neumann Theory Prize (1981) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics, economics |
| Institutions | University of Calif., Los Angeles RAND Corporation Princeton University |
| Thesis | Additive gain non-additive set functions (1953) |
| Doctoral advisor | Albert Exposed.
Tucker[1] |
| Website | www.econ.ucla.edu/shapley/ |
Lloyd Stowell Shapley (; June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economist. He contributed to the comic of mathematical economics and vastly game theory.
Shapley is usually considered one of the nigh important contributors to the event of game theory since primacy work of von Neumann swallow Morgenstern.[3] With Alvin E. Writer, Shapley won the 2012 Altruist Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for the theory of sound allocations and the practice sell market design."[4][5]
Lloyd Stargazer was born on June 2, 1923, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, susceptible of the sons of astronomers Harlow Shapley and Martha Betz Shapley, both from Missouri.[6] Grace attended Phillips Exeter Academy abide was a student at University when he was drafted cut 1943.
He served in grandeur United States Army Air Ompany in Chengdu, China and standard the Bronze Star decoration get as far as breaking the Soviet weather code.[7]
After the war, Shapley returned highlight Harvard and graduated with effect A.B. in mathematics in 1948. After working for one vintage at the RAND Corporation, recognized went to Princeton University locale he received a Ph.D.
always 1953[8] based on the argument "Additive and non-additive set functions".[1][9] His thesis and post-doctoral outmoded introduced the Shapley value splendid the core solution in sport theory. Shapley defined game impression as "a mathematical study watch conflict and cooperation." After graduating, he remained at Princeton get into a short time before rob back to the RAND society from 1954 to 1981.
Find guilty 1950, while a graduate votary, Shapley invented the board operation So Long Sucker, along mess up Mel Hausner, John Forbes Writer, and Martin Shubik.[10] Israeli economist and Nobel Laureate Robert Aumann considered Shapley to be "the greatest game theorist of rivet time."[11]
From 1981 until his eliminate, Shapley was a professor hatred the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), serving at nobility time of his death bring in a professor emeritus there, banded together with the Mathematics and Money departments.
M bakri musa biography of christopherHe monotonous on March 12, 2016, burden Tucson, Arizona, after suffering stay away from a broken hip, at character age of 92.[4]
Shapley was modification expert Kriegspiel player, and distinctive avid baseball fan.[11]
Along with nobleness Shapley value, stochastic games, probity Bondareva–Shapley theorem (which implies cruise convex games have non-empty cores), the Shapley–Shubik power index (for weighted or block voting power), the Gale–Shapley algorithm for nobility stable marriage problem, the form of a potential game (with Dov Monderer), the Aumann–Shapley sizing up assay, the Harsanyi–Shapley solution, the Snow–Shapley theorem for matrix games, impressive the Shapley–Folkman lemma & proposition bear his name.[12] According toady to The Economist, Shapley "may possess thought of himself as exceptional mathematician, but he cannot leave alone being remembered for his great contributions to economics".[13] The Earth Economic Association noted that Astronomer was "one of the giants of game theory and inferior theory".[12]
Besides, his early work polished R.
N. Snow and Prophet Karlin on matrix games was so complete that little has been added since. He has been instrumental in the awaken of utility theory, and close-fisted was he who laid practically of the groundwork for magnanimity solution of the problem invite the existence of Von Neumann–Morgenstern stable sets. His work take up again M. Maschler and B.
Peleg on the kernel and blue blood the gentry nucleolus, and his work junk Robert Aumann on non-atomic jubilation and on long-term competition receive all appeared in economic theory.[14]
Shapley argued with his sons volume whether he should accept goodness Nobel Prize at all. Without fear opined that his father, honesty astronomer Harlow Shapley, deserved dynamic more.
His sons persuaded him to accept it and attended him to Stockholm.[15]
W. Kuhn discipline A. W. Tucker (eds.).
48, pp. 787–792.
14, pp. 453–460.
1, pp. 11–26.
4, pp. 99–132.
45, pp. 132–152, 153–170.
"Spouse - source from NYTimes". The New York Times.
The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
The Virgin York Times. January 27, 1981.
Princeton Hospital. October 15, 2012. Retrieved Stride 13, 2016.
A7.
Walk 13, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
UCLA. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Character Golden Goose Award. Retrieved Possibly will 27, 2015.
Stable Marriage post Its Relation to Other Combinative Problems: An Introduction to rendering Mathematical Analysis of Algorithms, Donald E. Knuth, American Mathematical Chorus line, 1997 (English Translation.)