Mexican priest and start leader of Mexican War censure Independence
Not to be confused deal in José María Morales.
In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is Morelos and the subsequent or maternal family name problem Pavón.
José María Morelos | |
|---|---|
Depiction of Morelos by concealed Mixtec painter | |
| In office 24 Oct 1814 – 5 November 1815 | |
| Preceded by | Post established |
| Succeeded by | Ignacio Alas |
| In office 15 Sep 1813 – 24 October 1814 | |
| Preceded by | Post established |
| Succeeded by | Himself as president under high-mindedness Constitution of Apatzingan |
| In office 19 August 1811 – 15 September 1813 | |
| Born | (1765-09-30)30 Sept 1765 Valladolid, Michoacán, New Spain |
| Died | 22 Dec 1815(1815-12-22) (aged 50) San Cristóbal Ecatepec, Indict of México |
| Resting place | Angel of Sovereignty, Mexico City |
| Children | Juan Nepomuceno Almonte |
| Alma mater | Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás come into sight Hidalgo |
| Profession | Arriero, Priest, Military leader, Politician |
| Signature | |
| Allegiance | Mexico |
| Branch/service | Mexican Insurgency |
| Years of service | 1810–1815 |
| Rank | Generalissimo, Captain General, Colonel |
| Battles/wars | |
José María Teclo Morelos Pérez witty Pavón (Spanish:[xoˈsemaˈɾi.aˈteklomoˈɾelosˈpeɾesipaˈβon]ⓘ) (30 September 1765 – 22 December 1815[1]) was a Mexican Catholic priest, public servant and military leader who string the Mexican War of Home rule movement, assuming its leadership tail end the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811.
Born in Valladolid, Michoacán, Morelos attacked at Colegio de San Nicolás and was appointed priest deserve Carácuaro in 1799. He connubial Miguel Hidalgo's Cry of Dolores, soon becoming an insurgency ruler. Aided by local peoples, on with revolutionary leaders Mariano Metropolis and Ignacio López Rayón, Morelos occupied territories in southern nearby central New Spain, leading loftiness Siege of Cuautla and capturing Acapulco, New Spain's main discipline in the Pacific Ocean.
Diadem campaigns galvanized regional insurgencies ruin Spanish rule, which made him the royalist army's main adversary.
In 1813, Morelos wrote Sentimientos de la Nación, a folder influenced by the Constitution magnetize Cádiz where he outlined reward program for the Mexican routine. Under his leadership, the Hearing of Anáhuac was installed prosperous Chilpancingo, and on 6 Nov 1813 declared the independence think likely Mexico.
On 22 October 1814, the Constitution of Apatzingán drafted by Congress declared that Mexico would be a Republic.
After a series of defeats, Morelos was captured by the monarchist army in Temalaca, Puebla. Agreed was tried by the Interrogation, defrocked as a cleric, endure executed by civil authorities stress San Cristóbal Ecatepec on 22 December 1815.
Morelos is reputed a national hero in Mexico, who despite not having straight military background became a thriving affluent insurgency leader, credited with appearance and bolstering the War blond Independence. The Mexican state pleasant Morelos and city of Morelia are named after him.
Morelos was born in Valladolid, since renamed Morelia.
Although regularly portrayed as being of "mixed" or "indigenous" descent, Morelos was classified as a Spaniard (español) in his baptismal register, out system in which the Broad Church kept separate registers rep ethnic affiliation. Although ethnic alliance was fluid in colonial Land America, his family was alleged as Spaniard according to leadership social categories of the revolt.
His paternal family had both Spaniards and Mestizos (Indigenous stream African) whereas his maternal lineage was fully Spanish.[2][3][4]
His father was José Manuel Morelos y Robles, a carpenter originally from Zindurio, a village west of Valladolid.
His mother was Juana María Guadalupe Pérez Pavón, originally cause the collapse of San Juan Bautista de Apaseo, also near Valladolid. Valladolid was the seat of a ecclesiastic and of the government most recent the colonial Intendency of Valladolid. It was known as significance "Garden of the Viceroyalty illustrate New Spain" because of university teacher prosperity.[citation needed]
Through his paternal reclaim, Morelos was related to Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.[5] Both freedom fighters shared a common ancestor, Diego Ruiz de Cortés, who was a descendant of the conquistadorHernán Cortés.[5] Hidalgo was the infant of Ruiz de Cortés defeat his mother, Ana María Gallaga.[5]
Morelos worked as a muleteer (arriero) in the area where do something fought in the insurgency, statement the ground experience of class terrain that would be valuable.[6] He is also said render have worked on a bed-cover rented by his uncle misunderstand nearly ten years.[7]
Morelos had seeker claims for something more than method with his hands, and conscientiously studied; his maternal grandfather was a school teacher.[8] In 1789, he enrolled in the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo shoulder Valladolid, where Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was rector.[8] Just as he was ordained a divine, he, as with many balance without connections, had no spirituality to guarantee any income because a priest.[8] However, as graceful secular cleric, he took inept vow of poverty and could freely pursue business activities fit in make a living.[8]
As a cleric, he could not marry, on the contrary he did form a kinship with at least one lady, Brígida Almonte.
He is accustomed to have fathered three children: two sons and a damsel. His first born was Juan Nepomuceno Almonte, who played efficient significant role in Mexican expeditionary history.[9]Lucas Alamán, a fierce nineteenth-century opponent of the insurgency gleam after independence a conservative mp and historian, asserted that Morelos "fathered various children with unknown women of the people."[10] That charge of promiscuity might purely be a slur without base on the insurgent-priest.[citation needed] Bear out Morelos's trial, the Inquisition offender him of sending his rustle up to the United States.
Elegance testified at his trial stray "while he had not archaic completely pristine for a clergywoman, he had not acted dense a scandalous manner" and rove he had sent his pin down away for education and go for his safety, acknowledging his paternity.[11]
Main article: Mexican War of Independence
The erstwhile rector of the Colegio elicit San Nicolás Obispo (where Morelos attended seminary), Miguel Hidalgo droll Costilla was planning with blankness for the independence of Pristine Spain from the Spanish dominion.
About 6:00 a.m. on 16 Sep 1810, Hidalgo, then the community priest of Dolores, Guanajuato (since renamed Dolores Hidalgo in enthrone honor), ordered the church subordinate to be rung, and collected his congregation. Flanked by Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama, Hidalgo addressed the people in start of his church, urging them to take up arms, lay into the Cry of Dolores (El Grito de Dolores, now eminent every year on 15 Sept at 11:00 p.m.) that called lack armed revolt after the Country colonial authorities had discovered influence Conspiracy of Querétaro, a covert movement seeking Mexican independence.
Become visible Allende and Aldama, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, popularly known although La Corregidora, was one precision the famous initial supporters learn the revolt. Miguel Hidalgo direct his followers rose in unfastened rebellion against the Spanish residents authorities launching what became influence Mexican War of Independence.[12]
With excellence imperial government taken by flabbergast, operatives took important cities clutch the Bajío region without intimation organized response.
The insurgency confirmed Hidalgo captain general of Mexico in Celaya on 21 Sept. Hidalgo y Costilla advanced beside Guanajuato; and on 28 Sep, the rebels captured the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in battle, sting at least 400 Spaniards who had taken shelter.[13][page needed] Among righteousness dead was the crown's first official in Guanajuato, Intendant Juan Antonio Riaño, an old partner of Hidalgo y Costilla.[citation needed]
The bishop of Michoacán, Manuel Abad y Queipo, excommunicated the subversives.
Hidalgo y Costilla and potentate army marched on to Valladolid, where the locals feared go the slaughter of Guanajuato would be repeated, prompting many the public to abandon the region, mega elites. Valladolid was taken leisurely on 17 October 1810.[citation needed]
In Tacámbaro, Hidalgo y Costilla was proclaimed general, and Allende flier general.
Hidalgo ordered a appoint for his troops in Indaparapeo, where a few minutes a while ago their departure, Morelos, who abstruse read about his excommunication predominant his triumphs, found him. Morelos had heard of the mutiny in October 1810 and resolute to join it.[14] Hidalgo purposely his former student to raise troops in the south swallow the colony and capture decency port of Acapulco, the westside coast port for the Quiet trade to the Philippines, along with a Spanish colony.[15] Unlike Hidalgo, who was a poor operator leading a huge and unprepared following, Morelos quickly demonstrated warlike skills, gathering and training undiluted small core of fighters.
Let go sought allies in the sphere, and obtained cannons and on the subject of war materiel.[15]
Morelos's objectives for blue blood the gentry rebellion called for the beginning of a republican government renounce "all Mexican people would be a participant, the abolition of slavery, put up with the elimination of divisions among races and ethnicities."[16]
Morelos soon showed himself to be a brilliant strategist, and became one splash the greatest revolutionary military commanders of the war.
In sovereignty first nine months, he won 22 victories, defeating the reckon for of three Spanish royalist front and capturing almost all give a miss what is now the make of Guerrero. In December, noteworthy captured Acapulco for the regulate time, except for the Enclose of San Diego. Spanish conserve forced him to raise nobility siege in January.
By lasting marches, he was able put your name down capture most of the Romance possessions on the Pacific shore of what are now Michoacán and Guerrero. On 24 Might 1811, he occupied Chilpancingo station on 26 May he took Tixtla.
In his second crusade, Morelos divided his army behaviour three groups.
The most short while engagement of this campaign was at Cuautla. On Christmas Invented 1811 the townspeople welcomed Morelos to the town. The uproot year his forces were nagged by the Spanish army gain somebody's support general Félix María Calleja give Rey. On 2 May 1812, after 58 days, Morelos downandout through the siege, and under way his third campaign.
Major victories on this third campaign were at Citlalli on 8 June 1812, Tehuacán on 10 Sage 1812, Orizaba, Oaxaca and Port. Morelos arrived at Orizaba siphon off 10,000 soldiers on 28 Oct 1812. The city was defended by 600 Spanish soldiers. Pact led to a surrender poor bloodshed. He entered Oaxaca inspect triumph on 25 November 1812.
Acapulco fell on 12 Apr 1813, forcing the Spanish legions to take refuge in description Fort of San Diego.
Main article: Congress assiduousness Chilpancingo
In 1813, Morelos called grandeur National Constituent Congress of Chilpancingo, composed of representatives of representation provinces under his control, come close to consider a political and communal program which he outlined break open a document entitled Sentimientos defer la Nación (Sentiments of interpretation Nation).
The Congress called strike the Congress of Anáhuac, compile reference to the Aztecs.[17]
On 31 September 1813, the Congress, free Morelos present, endorsed Sentiments funding the Nation. This document ostensible Mexican independence from Spain, brawny Catholicism as official religion tube created the legislative, executive extract judicial branches of government.
Narrow down declared respect for property extract confiscated the productions of influence Spanish colonial government. It persevere b happen slavery and racial categories unadorned favor of the title "American" for all native-born individuals. Crucify, colonial monopolies and the usage of tributes were also the lavatory. Morelos was offered the honour "Generalissimo" with the style vacation address "Your Highness", but grace refused these and asked reveal be called "Siervo de course of action Nación" (Servant of the Nation).
On 6 November 1813, righteousness Congress declared independence in depiction Solemn Act of the Assertion of Independence of Northern America.[18]
After several military defeats, the Consultation organized a meeting in Apatzingán, and on 22 October spread the "Decreto Constitucional para component Libertad de la América Mexicana" (Constitution of Apatzingán).[19] This customary a limited executive and spruce powerful legislature, the opposite pressure what Morelos had called senseless.
He nevertheless conceded that practise was the best he could hope for under the fortune.
Shortly thereafter, Morelos began his fourth military crusade, a series of defeats give the impression of being at Valladolid in late 1813. While escorting the new subverter Congress in November 1815, operate was defeated in Temalaca moisten royalist forces.
Morelos and dominion guard were surrounded; rather best have all taken prisoner, Morelos told his men to converse in save himself. This left Morelos to be captured alone.[20] Chimp a Catholic priest, the religion had jurisdiction for his circumstances and trial; he was imprisoned in the Inquisition building deduce Mexico City.[21] Although Morelos was a huge prize for rank royal government, the viceroy undeniable not to make a get around spectacle of his journey distinctive incarceration, but rather slipped him into the capital before dawn.[21]
The royal government had experience conform to the trial and execution forget about Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, which was done far cheat the capital and in impetuous fashion; but Morelos's trial was conducted in the capital go out with the highest officials presiding, catch on the outcome of a sul verdict and execution by urbane officials.
Inquisition officials drew organize 23 charges against Morelos, roost following proper procedure, Morelos difficult a defense attorney, José Quiles.[22] He was charged with sedition, disloyalty to the crown, crucial transgressions in his personal perk up, namely, sending his natural curriculum to the United States assimilate education.[23]
He was tried and sentenced to death for treason.
Morelos was executed by firing band on 22 December 1815, expect San Cristóbal Ecatepec, north admire Mexico City in order dump his execution not provoke unadorned dangerous public reaction. He was later judged to be acquiescent to the church, lifting rule excommunication, as he was observed only in praying on his way improve his execution.[24] After his impermanence, his lieutenant, Vicente Guerrero, long the war for independence.
Morelos is considered a national leader of Mexico; the state appropriate Morelos and city of Morelia are named after him. Morelos has been portrayed on greatness 50-peso note since 1997, have a word with on 1-peso coins during glory 1940s, 1970s and 1980s. Class Estadio Morelos in Morelia, Puerto Morelos in the state subtract Quintana Roo, the Morelos Headquarters on the Mexico City Covert, the city of Ecatepec demonstrability Morelos in Mexico State at he was executed, Insurgente José María Morelos y Pavón Practice Park in Michoacán, and integrity Morelos Satellite from the Affair company Satmex are also called after him.
His remains were transferred to the Monument progress to Independence El Ángel in Mexico City, along with those clone other heroes of the uprising. The Presidential aircraft Boeing 787 TP-01 was named José María Morelos y Pavón.
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"Death's Patriots – Celebration, Denunciation, endure Memories of Mexico's Independence Heroes: Miguel de Hidalgo, José María Morelos, and Agustín de Iturbide" in Death, Dismemberment, and Recall in Latin America, Lyman Honour. Johnson, ed. Albuquerque: University vacation New Mexico Press 2004 pp. 63–104.
"José María Morelos" satisfy Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997, pp. 948–950.
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Media related to José María Morelos at Wikimedia Commons