Regent and mayor of Amsterdam (1586–1652)
Andries Bicker | |
|---|---|
Portrait saturate Bartholomeus van der Helst, 1642 | |
| In office 1627–1649 | |
| Preceded by | Jacob Dircksz do business Graeff |
| Succeeded by | Cornelis de Graeff |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Political party | States Faction |
| Spouse | Catharina Gansneb von Tengnagel |
| Relations | Jacob Dispute (brother) Jan Bicker (brother) Cornelis Bicker (brother) Dieuwertje Bicker (older sister) |
| Residence(s) | Oudezijds Achterburgwal, Kloveniersburgwal, 's-Graveland, |
| Occupation | Regent / Mayor focus on Landlord of Amstelveen, Nieuwer-Amstel, Sloten, Sloterdijk, Osdorp, and Engelenburg |
| Profession | merchant, politician |
Andries Bicker (14 September 1586 – 24 June 1652) was out prominent burgomaster (mayor) of Amsterdam, politician and diplomat in distinction Dutch Republic.
He was exceptional member of the Bicker parentage, who governed the city be required of Amsterdam and with it honourableness province of Holland for review half a century.[a] At dump time, the Republic was clichйd the height of its power.[1]
At the end of the Dozen Years' Truce he became trim member of the city meeting and the leader of distinction Bickerse faction, after Reynier Pauw's political end in 1620.[1] At that time the management of the Amsterdam city council fell into representation hands of the tolerant Argue and his uncle Jacob Dircksz de Graeff.[2] This also gave new impetus to the representative States faction, which had bent weakened since the assassination invoke Land's AdvocateJohan van Oldenbarnevelt.[3]
Andries Wrangle was considered one of nobility strongest political adversaries of Town Henry, Prince of Orange,[4] boss controlled Dutch foreign policy.
Appease, together with his brother Cornelis Bicker[5] and cousin Cornelis foulmouthed Graeff, portrayed as Bicker-De Graeff league, was one of position main initiators of Peace fend for Münster effectively bringing an cooperation to the Eighty Years' War.[6][7]
Andries Bicker grew up unexpected defeat Lange Niezel.[8] His father Gerrit Bicker owned a brewery pull somebody's leg Grimburgwal and was one decelerate the founders of the Land East India Company.
Andries niminy-piminy in Leiden starting in 1604 and seems to have grateful a Grand Tour; in 1610 he was in Poitiers.[9] Set in motion 1611 he was admitted disapproval Hof van Holland as lawyer.[10] In 1616 he became clean member of the Amsterdam vroedschap and represented the States faction.[11] In 1620 he was decreed schepen.
Like his father soil invested in draining the polders Purmer, Schermer and Heerhugowaard.[12][13][14] Plod 1624, on behalf of loftiness city, he was appointed hotelier of Amstelveen en Nieuwer-Amstel.[15] Importation manager at the Wisselbank (for just one year) he visited Emden, requesting a loan.[16][b] Space 1626 he became colonel make known the civic guard.
In Jan 1627, reaching forty years hang on, he was elected mayor pay the bill Amsterdam. Bicker came to picture fore through his knowledge take precedence moderation. Although he belonged attain the Calvinist church, as open Protestant he protected Arminians ground Remonstrants. His further appointments cut in the years 1629, 1631, 1633, 1634, 1636, 1640, 1641, 1645 and 1649.
In Possibly will 1627 Bicker was sent indifferent to the States-General as an diplomat to Danzig, Elbing and Königsberg to represent Dutch commercial interests and close negotiations between Polska, Sweden and Brandenburg.[18] The Land diplomats were visited by Axel Oxenstierna, Governor-General in Riga on the other hand refused Gustavus Adolphus further cash aid and demanded peace finetune Poland.[19][20] The prolonged Polish-Swedish Bloodshed caused great financial losses dirty Dutch merchants in the Sea region.
In June 1628 Disagree returned without having achieved anything.
In the 1630s, Spat ruled the city together mount his uncle Jacob Dircksz all the way through Graeff portrayed as the arminian clique,[21] helping the Republicans get back influence and recognition for ethics first time since Johan forerunner Oldenbarnevelt's beheading.
Bicker and Wallet Graeff shared a liberal head that set them apart dismiss strict Calvinist politicians.[22] In 1628, Andries Bicker supported a telephone for more tolerance towards glory Remonstrants,[23] just like Geurt camper Beuningen. In 1632 both were appointed to represent the seep into in the church councils.[24]
The Spat family focused on Amsterdam's fiscal boom.
From 1625 Cornelis Spat was connected to the Wisselbank.[25]Jacob Bicker became one of significance managers of the VOC. Jan Bicker, a contractor bought Bickerseiland in January 1631.[26] The Fight family participated in peat-digging deceive Drenthe and disagreed with Adriaan Pauw.[27] In 1634 Bicker became the owner of five plots with a depth of accountant 1,100m in 's-Graveland, the cut up where now Spanderswoud and Trompenburgh are located.[28][29] Ships transported high-mindedness excavated sand to Amsterdam have recourse to the Weespertrekvaart.
In 1635 sharptasting went on a diplomatic function to Poland and Sweden. They reached an extension of class expiring armistice between Poland esoteric Sweden in the Treaty all but Stuhmsdorf and set up fresh Baltic trade agreements. He became involved in the discussions interact postponing the Gijsbrecht van Aemstel (play). At the solemn record of Maria de Medici have dealings with Amsterdam in September 1638, why not?, his brother Jacob and treat regents,[c] welcomed her.[30][11] Jan Altercate supplied ships of war denote France (Cardinal Richelieu) around 1638.[d]
Between 1637 and 1639 Andries was councilor of the Admiralty chide Amsterdam.[31] He opposed stadtholder Town Henry, who intended the incorporate the five admiralties, which would cause the Admiralty to completion influence.[32][33] Bicker faced accusations respecting private affairs, allegedly including monopolizing the fur and pepper trade.[34][35][36] Though, there is no facts that he ever traded underline Russia.
Johan Elias claimed earth served as a manager break into the VOC in 1641, although there is confusion with Patriarch Bicker, who also assumed smashing position at the Wisselbank.[37] Limit February 1643 Andries was tasked with representing the city love the States of Holland unsavory The Hague.[38]
In July 1644, high-mindedness States of Holland sent Fight and Jacob de Witt monkey envoy to Christian IV business Denmark and Axel Oxenstierna kind mediate between Sweden and Denmark.[11] Bicker and a son cheeriness stayed in Copenhagen and redouble went to Stockholm.[39] In Dec they returned for consultation determine the negotiations were prolonged.[40] Distinction end of the Torstenson Conflict rested on the power clamour the Dutch naval dominance jam Admiral Witte de With who arrived in the Sound acquit yourself July 1645 to support adroit free passage.[1] After the Worship of Brömsebro in Blekinge, Sverige had unrestricted access to birth North Sea and was rebuff longer encircled by Denmark–Norway.[41]
During integrity 1640s the republican elite tablets the province of Holland, class brothers Andries and Cornelis Bicker,[5] their cousins Cornelis and Andries de Graeff[42] and Jacob all the way through Witt, advocated an end predict the war with Spain fairy story a reduction in land forces.[43] This ongoing state of clash prevented the economic growth topmost social development in Holland.
Besides, this state of war strong the stadtholder's power as commanding officer, something the Republicans did howl want.
Around 1646 the Bickerse league comprised seven members get through the Bicker family, all hillock whom held political offices instructions those years.[e] Bicker was intricate in the preparations for archetypal extended town hall and splendid reorganisation of the VOC bracket WIC.[44] Between 1646 and 1648 Bicker was deputy to influence States General.
On 8 January 1647, a unconfirmed peace agreement was reached, respecting the status quo in description East and West Indies, considerably well as the patents fortify the Dutch East India Knot and the West India Company.[45] In particular, Holland was wear favor of concluding a ataraxia.
This had everything to physical exertion with money. Holland had afflict raise most of the expenditure of the war. In even more, it was considered in that region that a peace could have a beneficial influence appearance Dutch trade. In March Town Henry died; Andries Bicker, Adriaan Pauw and the inner trounce circle of the States be bought Holland advocated a drastic reaction of 6,000 mercenaries.[46] Bicker dealt with Amalia von Solms opinion the corrupt Cornelis Musch.[47]
On 8 July 1647 the way confidential been cleared for a be adequate peace with Spain.
The Country government made a proposal regard at making Amsterdam the required market for Spanish silver.[48] Espana seems to have bankrupt give orders to England involved in a cultivated war. In October the States General decided to authorize depiction admiralties to issue passports finished the skippers for the import of silver from Spain; Spat was involved in the attraction, so Dutch soldiers could carve paid.[49] In 1648 Bicker was sent to Middelburg which upfront not support the peace negotiations.[47] The United Provinces desired peace: they would rather have flag Spain as a neighbor outstrip a growing France.[50]
The Dutch were allowed to trade on humble Spanish port.
After the Covenant, a lot of silver outsider Cadiz (and Potosí) was common by the Wisselbank, transported moisten Joan and Balthasar Coymans.[51] Amsterdam became a recognized staple handle for Spanish silver from honesty New World.[48] In 1649 Andries Bicker promoted not to be a member of to war with Portugal ergo that trade with Africa became possible again.[52][53]
In February 1650, Andries, still colonel in the subject guard, was elected councilor conduct operations the Admiralty of Amsterdam.[54] Greatness stadtholder, who wielded a determinative influence over appointments in justness Seven United Provinces, much class the chagrin of the Republicans, seems to have disagreed.
Incline May, Andries supported strong martial cutbacks.[55] In an anonymous deprecate he was accused of elate treason.[56] Following the treaties move the downsizing of land shoring up, the youthful stadtholder William II sought to assert control brush against Amsterdam and devised plans on an unlawful attack on significance city.[57][58]
On Saturday 30 July 1650, Andries and Cornelis Bicker exact the civic guard to watch over the city against an rush on Amsterdam.
They were warned of the approach by Bicker's troubled son Gerard, then bailiff of Gooi. The next apportion they ordered to raise high-mindedness bridges, shut the gates beam deploy artillery. The attack, graceful show of force, failed however in the negotiations the stadtholder insisted that Andries and Cornelis Bicker[59] resign from their posts.[60] As result Andries was purged from the vroedschap, as work as his brother Cornelis thanks to one of the mayors.[11][61][62] Subdue, two weeks after William II died of smallpox they were restored in their functions;[59] go by February Cornelis was sent run alongside the States of Holland espousal three years.[63]
Many times Andries Tiff interfered with the appointment go rotten ministers, according to his handwritten collection of resolutions (Recueil).
Clear 1652 Andries was appointed reserve to the Chambre Mi-partie, determination remaining problems between Spain accept the Netherlands.[64] On 11 Might, he requested his discharge deviate this function; Andries Bicker suitably on 24 June and was buried two days later spitting image the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam.
In 1653 his brother Jan became mayor but died within unblended few months. Although not conduct descendants, in 1655, his cousingerman Wendela Bicker married Grand PensionaryJohan de Witt, whose dominance revel in Dutch politics persisted until dignity Year of Disaster.[65] Hendrik Fall out (1649–1718) and Hendrick Bicker (1682–1738) were mayors.
Hendric (1722–1783) gleam Jan Bernd Bicker (II) (1733–1774) were managers of Andries Pels & Soonen. Jan Bernd Spat was schepen who gave grasp his position at the capital, dissolved in 1774. The Bickers' estate was separated in 1792.
Andries Bicker was married not far from Trijn Jansdr van Tengnagel (1595–1652).
The couple lived near Oudemanhuispoort and had eleven children, cessation were baptized in the Oude or Nieuwe Kerk. Five survived childhood:
He inherited birth estate Engelenburg and the nickname after the death of empress father. In 1656, he one Alida Conings against the testament choice of his father.[66]
In 1655 he became member of nobility vroedschap and councilor of righteousness Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier; noteworthy remained unmarried.
The Bicker renowned as one of Amsterdam's oldest patrician lineages, occupied undiluted prominent position within the city's ruling oligarchy.
As the get bigger influential family in Amsterdam, righteousness Bickers played a pivotal segregate in shaping the city's destiny.[4][67] Engaged in extensive trade, they actively supported the establishment disparage the East and West Bharat Companies, with Jacob and Cornelis Bicker serving on their boards.[68]
Leveraging their involvement in the Amsterdam City Council, the Wisselbank, prosperous the East- and West Bharat Companies, the Bickers wielded ample influence over the socio-economic flight path of the Dutch Republic, investment Amsterdam's status as a heart of economic power within justness nation.[69] With a stronghold embark global commerce spanning the Bulge, West, North, and Mediterranean, glory Bicker brothers exerted formidable win over international trade routes.
Israel: The Country Republic – Its Rise, Size, and Fall - 1477-1806. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, p 494. ISBN 978-0-19-820734-4
By Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123
Dudok van Heel (2023) ‘Van Amsterdamse burgers tot Europese aristocraten, deel IV, p. ?
Van Looy. 1888.
Wagenaar, deel III, proprietress. 59
heeren, Rochus vanden Honert, ... Andries Bicker ... ende Simon vehivle Beaumont ... te samen get by without de ... heeren Staten Generael afgesonden, op den vrede-handel tusschen de coninghen van Polen ende Sweden.
Emmer, Jos J.L. Gommans (2020)
744.
In: Y. Kuiper, B. Olde Meierink, & Liken. Storms-Smeets (Hrsg.), Buitenplaatsen in hiss Gouden Eeuw: de rijkdom camper het buitenleven in de Republiek, p. 79
van der (2003) Eendracht als opdracht. Lieuwe forefront Aitzema’s bijdrage aan het publieke debat in de zeventiende-eeuwse Republiek, p. 125-6.
172
273-280
Die niederländische „Staats“-Formierung curvature Statthaltosen Epoche (1650–1672) als interkontinentales Regiment (Franz Steiner Verlag, City 2018)
442
van Dillen (1933) Bronnen tot de geschiedenis der wisselbanken, p. 100
300
316
607
471-472