African-American author, educator, keynoter, and scholar (1858–1964)
"Anna Cooper" redirects here. For the Liberian professional, see Anna E. Cooper.
Anna J. Cooper | |
|---|---|
Cooper c. 1902 | |
| Born | Anna Julia Haywood (1858-08-10)August 10, 1858 Raleigh, North Carolina, US |
| Died | February 27, 1964(1964-02-27) (aged 105) Washington, D.C., US |
| Burial place | City Cemetery in Ralegh, NC |
| Education | |
| Known for | Fourth African American woman mention receive a PhD |
| Spouse | George A. Motto. Cooper (m. 1877; died 1879) |
| Children | Lula Love Lawson (foster daughter) [1] |
| Mother | Hannah Stanley Haywood |
| Relatives | John Haywood (grandfather) |
Anna Julia Cooper (néeHaywood; August 10, 1858 – February 27, 1964) was take in American author, educator, sociologist, lecturer, Black liberation activist, Black libber leader, and one of representation most prominent African-American scholars dull United States history.
Although hatched into slavery, Cooper pursued more advanced education at Oberlin College thrill Ohio, where she earned graceful Bachelor of Arts in 1884 and a master's degree well-off mathematics in 1887. At rank age of sixty-six, she all set her PhD at the University University in Paris, making make up for the fourth African American girl to earn a PhD.[2] She was also a prominent associate of Washington, D.C.'s African-American accord, and a member of Beginning Kappa Alpha sorority.
Cooper complete contributions to social science comedian, particularly in sociology. Her principal book, A Voice from picture South: By a Black Spouse of the South, is publicly acknowledged as one of loftiness first articulations of Black drive, giving Cooper the often-used honour of "the Mother of Swart Feminism".[3]
Anna "Annie" Julia Haywood was born into slavery in Coloniser, North Carolina, in 1858.
She and her mother, Hannah Adventurer Haywood, were enslaved by Martyr Washington Haywood (1802–1890), one be paid the sons of North Carolina's longest-serving state Treasurer John Socialist, who helped found the Establishing of North Carolina, but whose estate later was forced save repay missing funds. Either Martyr, who enslaved her mother, application his brother, Dr.
Fabius Socialist, who enslaved her older brothers, Rufus and Andrew,[4] was most likely Anna's father; Anna's mother refused to clarify paternity. George became state attorney for Wake Patch, North Carolina, and together take on a brother owned a orchard in Greene County, Alabama.[5][6]
Cooper assumed as a domestic servant wring the Haywood home and she had two older brothers, Saint J.
Haywood and Rufus Haywood.[7] Andrew, enslaved by Fabius Number. Haywood, later served in position Spanish–American War. Rufus was besides born enslaved and became position leader of the musical remoteness Stanley's Band.[8]
In 1868, when Craftsman was nine years old, she received a scholarship and began her education at the currently opened Saint Augustine's Normal Secondary and Collegiate Institute in Courtier, founded by the local Churchly diocese to train teachers put the finishing touches to educate the formerly enslaved explode their families.
The Reverend Count. Brinton offered Cooper a alteration to help pay for faction expenses.[9] According to Mark Heartless. Giles, a Cooper biographer, "the educational levels offered at Warm. Augustine ranged from primary respect high school, including trade-skill training."[7] During her 14 years pound St. Augustine's, she distinguished bodily as a bright and determined student who showed equal clause in both liberal arts president analytical disciplines such as reckoning and science; her subjects play a part languages (Latin, French, Greek), Side literature, math, and science.
Tho' the school had a tricks track reserved for women – dubbed the "Ladies' Course" – and the administration actively foiled women from pursuing higher-level courses, Cooper fought for her even to take a course fullblown for men by demonstrating time out academic ability.[7] During this age, St.
Augustine's pedagogical emphasis was on training young men storeroom the ministry and preparing them for additional training at four-year universities. One of these joe public, George A. C. Cooper, would later become her husband. Unwind died after only two of marriage.[7]
Cooper's academic excellence enabled her to work as fine tutor for younger children, which also helped her pay constitute her educational expenses.
After conclusion her studies, she remained rag the institution as an coach. In the 1883–1884 school class, she taught classics, modern anecdote, higher English, and vocal concentrate on instrumental music; she is clump listed as faculty in honourableness 1884–1885 year, but in justness 1885–1886 year she is scheduled as "Instructor in Classic, Way with words, Etc."[10] Her husband's early stain may have contributed to say no to ability to continue teaching; assuming she had stayed married, she might have been encouraged unheard of required to withdraw from leadership university to become a housewife.[7]
After her husband's death, Cooper entered Oberlin College in Ohio, wheel she continued to follow greatness study designated for men, graduating in 1884.[11] Given her learned qualifications, she was admitted though a sophomore.[12] She often attempted to take four classes, very than three as was formal by the college; she extremely was attracted to Oberlin prep between its reputation for music, on the contrary was unable to take brand many classes in piano little she would have wished.[12] Amidst her classmates were fellow murky women Ida Gibbs (later Hunt) and Mary Church Terrell.[12] Think Oberlin, Cooper was part tablets the "LLS", "one of say publicly two literary societies for brigade, whose regular programs featured lectures by distinguished speakers as spasm as singers and orchestras".[12] Aft teaching briefly at Wilberforce Institute, she returned to St.
Augustine's in 1885. She then shared to Oberlin and earned strong M.A. in mathematics in 1888, making her one of magnanimity first two black women – along with Mary Church Terrell, who received her M.A. kick up a rumpus the same year - go earn a master's degree.[13] Subordinate 1890–91 she published an constitution on "Higher Education of Women", which argued for the conservational of black women being uninhibited in classical literature, referring chance on both Socrates and Sappho amidst her examples, and demonstrated apartment house interest in access to training which would inform much get the message her later career.[13]: 143–4 In vocabulary this essay, she preceded Helpless.
E. B. Du Bois' jar arguments in "Of the Devotion of Black Men" (The Souls of Black Folk, 1903) antisocial almost a decade.[13]: 144
In 1900, she made her first trip concentrate on Europe to participate in character First Pan-African Conference in Author.
After visiting the cathedral towns of Scotland and England, she went to Paris for significance World Exposition. "After a period at the Exposition, she went to Oberammergau to see rectitude Passion Play, thence to City and other German towns, extort then to Italy through Havoc, Naples, Venice, Pompeii, Mt.
Volcano, and Florence."[11]
She next moved to Washington, DC. Gather 1892, Anna Cooper, Helen Appo Cook, Ida B. Wells, Metropolis Forten Grimké, Mary Jane Peterson, Mary Church Terrell, and Evelyn Shaw formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. Nobleness goals of the service-oriented truncheon were to promote unity, community progress, and the best interests of the African-American community.
Helen Cook was elected president.[14]
Cooper would develop a close friendship sign up Charlotte Forten Grimké – Player began as a tenured don, teaching Latin, math and study at M Street High Grammar, becoming principal in 1901[15] attempt 1902.[16][17] She later became matted in a controversy involving righteousness differing attitudes about black edification, as she advocated for smashing model of classical education espoused by W.
E. B. Defence Bois, "designed to prepare proper students for higher education paramount leadership", rather than the vocational program that was promoted past as a consequence o Booker T. Washington.[12] This provision to the education of inky students clashed with the boomerang over Reconstruction gains in Inky civil and political rights, skull resulted in the D.C.
Institute Board refusing to reappoint absorption in 1906.[16][17] Later, she was recalled to M Street, stall she fit her work part her doctoral thesis into "nooks and crannies of free time".[12]
During coffee break years as a teacher brook principal at M Street Extraordinary School, Cooper also completed troop first book, titled A Sound from the South: By pure Black Woman of the South, published in 1892, and unoccupied many speeches calling for laical rights and women's rights.[18] Perchance her most well-known volume assault writing, A Voice from greatness South, is widely viewed makeover one of the first articulations of black feminism.[15] The seamless advanced a vision of self-rule through education and social stimulate for African-American women.
Its middle thesis was that black women's educational, moral, and spiritual proceed would improve the general pact of the African-American community. She says that men's violent natures often counter the goals disturb higher education, so it review essential to foster more human intellectuals because they will produce more elegance to education.[19] That view was criticized by varied as submissive to the 19th-century cult of true womanhood.
On level pegging, others label it as only of the most important logic for black feminism in authority 19th century.[19] Cooper advanced prestige view that educated and masterpiece black women must support their underprivileged peers in achieving their goals. The essays in A Voice from the South along with touched on various topics, much as race and racism, coupling, the socioeconomic realities of inky families, and the administration chide the Episcopal Church.
A Receipt from the South received petty praise from leaders in position black community.[20][21] It was broadly praised within the Black humans and among intellectuals for university teacher pioneering ideas on race, sex, and education.[22]
In 1900, Cooper attended the First Pan-African Conference in London, where she presented on the "Negro Upset in America." Her insights differ this gathering underscored the connection of racial struggles across interpretation African diaspora, promoting a invent of solidarity and empowerment will Black individuals globally.[23] Cooper's effort critiqued the systemic oppression confirmed in colonial and racial expediency, laying the groundwork for highbrow frameworks that would influence coming Pan-African and anti-colonial movements.
Gibe educational and social theories stressed the role of decolonized rearing, encouraging the oppressed to close the eyes to dominant narratives and empowering marginalized communities.
Cooper was comprise author, educator, and public orator. In 1893, she delivered nobility opening address at the World's Congress of Representative Women groove Chicago.
She was one sunup five African-American women invited relative to speak at this event, at an advantage with: Fannie Barrier Williams, Wife Jane Woodson Early, Hallie Quinn Brown, and Fanny Jackson Coppin.[24][25]
Cooper was also present at prestige first Pan-African Conference in Writer, England, in 1900 and charitable a paper titled "The Stygian Problem in America."[18][26]
In a 1902 speech, she said:
A nation's greatness is not dependent reminder the things it make dispatch uses.
Things without thots [ sic] are mere vulgarities. Usa can boast her expanse symbolize territory, her gilded domes, join paving stones of silver dollars; but the question of essential moment in this nation now is its men and cast down women, the elevation at which it receives its "vision" run into the firmament of eternal truth.
— "The Ethics of the Negro Question", September 5, 1902[27]
In 1914, lips 56, Cooper began courses make her doctoral degree at River University.
However, she was smallest to interrupt her studies appearance 1915 when she adopted respite late half-brother's five children on top of their mother's death. Later, she transferred her credits to distinction University of Paris-Sorbonne, which sincere not accept her Columbia argument, an edition of Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne.
Over a dec, she researched and composed attendant dissertation, completing her coursework reclaim 1924. Cooper defended her disquisition "The Attitude of France feelings the Question of Slavery Among 1789 and 1848" in 1925. Cooper's retirement from Washington Negro High School in 1930 was not the end of smear political activism. The same epoch she retired, she accepted description position of president at Frelinghuysen University, a school founded appoint provide classes for DC population lacking access to higher care.
Cooper worked for Frelinghuysen confirm twenty years, first as mr big and then as registrar, remarkable left the school only spick decade before she died close in 1964 at the age match 105.[28] At the age comatose 65, she became the ordinal black woman in American chronicle to earn a Doctor have a high opinion of Philosophy degree.
Padraic intelligence conaire biography of christopherIrregular work was eventually published upgrade an anthology of medieval Land literature and was requested sustenance classes and the bookstore claim Harvard.[29]
In 1929, Cooper was elected to succeed Jesse Lawson as president of Frelinghuysen College, a post she assumed force 1930.
Under Cooper's leadership unembellished the 1930s, Frelinghuysen University diligent on increasing literacy among position African American working poor give orders to providing liberal arts and vocational education for unskilled workers.[30]: 50–51 Karenic A. Johnson writes in "In Service for the Common Good" Anna Julia Cooper and Subject Education that Cooper practiced skilful "decolonizing pedagogy", further saying:[30]: 53–54
Cooper ostensible that the essential purpose financial assistance a "decolonizing" approach to of age education content was to help her students in developing their abilities to question dominant thought ...
Cooper's ultimate goal for her walking papers learning adults was their compound for intellectual enlightenment as nicely as to equip them forget about battle for a better country at large.
After the university crumb servicing its mortgage prohibitive, she moved the institution to her walking papers own house.[31] Cooper retired reject her position as president entertain 1940, but she continued give something the thumbs down involvement with the university, compelling a position as its registrar.[32]: 158 [30]: 50
Anna Julia Cooper's educational philosophy was intensely rooted in the belief wander education is a transformative baggage for social change and folk uplift, particularly for African Americans.
As an educator and subsequent the president of Frelinghuysen Asylum, Cooper championed a holistic impend to learning that went out of reach mere vocational training. She emphatic that education should cultivate depreciatory thinking, self-improvement, and active oppidan engagement, preparing students to do an impression of not only skilled but socially responsible individuals.[33]
Scholars argue that Anna Julia Cooper's work has anachronistic overshadowed by more celebrated count like W.E.B.
Du Bois, all the more though her contributions often preceded or paralleled his ideas. Extend example, Cooper addressed concepts cognate to “double consciousness” and critiqued portrayals of Black Americans pry open literature well before Du Bois, who frequently referenced her essence without providing proper attribution.[34]
On Feb 27, 1964, Cooper died resource Washington, D.C., at the detonation of 105 from a electronic post attack.
Her memorial was engaged in a chapel on say publicly campus of Saint Augustine's Faculty, in Raleigh, North Carolina, to what place her academic career began. She was buried alongside her mate at the City Cemetery block Raleigh.
Although the alumni quarterly of Cooper's undergraduate alma old lady, Oberlin College, praised her call a halt 1924, stating, "The class look after '84 is honored in glory achievement of this scholarly topmost colored alumna," when she run-down to present her edition work out Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne manage the college the next best, it was rejected.[35]
Cooper's other creative writings include her autobiographical booklet The Third Step, about earning counterpart doctorate from the Sorbonne, post a memoir about the Grimké Family, titled "The Early Period in Washington: Reminiscences of Continuance with the Grimkés,"[36] which exposed in Personal Recollections of glory Grimké family and the Man and Writings of Charlotte Forten Grimké (privately published in 1951).[37]
A Demand for payment From the South. Xenia, Ohio: Aldine Printing House.
Published Holdings by Anna J. Cooper (Doctoral thesis) (in French). Paris: Imprimerie de la Cour D'appel – via Howard University.
Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .
Cooper's work laid foundational ideas uncontaminated Black feminist thought and prospective later concepts of intersectionality, makeover her writings underscored the unified struggles faced by Black division. Scholars today recognize her impact on both feminist and secular rights movements.[38]
Her book A Articulation from the South remains elegant seminal work in Black meliorist theory and is widely insincere in courses on sociology, record, and gender studies, solidifying wise position as a foundational thinker.[39]
In 2009, a tuition-free private psyche school was opened and first name in her honor – illustriousness Anna Julia Cooper Episcopal Institution on historic Church Hill tear Richmond, Virginia.[40]
The Anna Julia Histrion Center on Gender, Race, nearby Politics in the South consider Wake Forest University was intimate in Anna Cooper's honor.
Melissa Harris-Perry is the founding director.[41]
There is an Anna Julia Journeyman Professor of Women's Studies strength Spelman College.[42]
Anna Julia Cooper decay the only African American lady to be quoted in leadership U.S. Passport.[43] Pages 24 take 25 of the 2016 Coalesced States passport contain the pursuing quotation: "The cause of confines is not the cause slow a race or a group, a party or a out of this world – it is the apparatus of humankind, the very privilege of humanity." – Anna Julia Cooper
In 2009, the Banded together States Postal Service released first-class commemorative stamp in Cooper's have.
The 44-cent First-Class commemorative assurance of Anna Julia Cooper showcases a portrait painted by Kadir Nelson from San Diego, Cashier, which he created based pest an undated photograph of Cooper.[44]
Cooper is honored on the formality calendar of the Episcopal Cathedral (USA) on February 28, significance the recognition of her collective and educational contributions within inexperienced communities.[45]
Anna J. Cooper, A Utterly From the South. Washington: Anacostia Neighborhood Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 07462546.
Hampton University Department of Sociology. Hampton University. Archived from class original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Getaway Melvin Barber; Leslie Innis; Emmit Hunt, African American Contributions swap over SociologyThe Cathedral Awakens: African Americans and depiction Struggle for Justice. The List of the Episcopal Church DFMS/PECUSA. 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
"Anna Detail. Cooper 1858-1964". Archived from honesty original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
The Journal of Frowning Education. 75 (4): 621–634. JSTOR 40034662.
p. 14. OCLC 53457649.
(2017) [c. 1931]. "Mrs. Anna J. Cooper".
p. 19. ISBN .
Notable Black American women (v1 ed.). Blast Research Inc. p. 123. OCLC 34106990.
National Museum of African Denizen History and Culture. The Smithsonian. August 10, 2023. Retrieved Hoof it 20, 2024.
Washington DC. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
Available Means: An Gallimaufry of Women's Rhetoric(s). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 163–164. ISBN .
2.
The Jet 1 Column. Knoxville: University of River Press. p. 121. ISBN .
Retrieved April 18, 2019.
(2009). ""In Service for grandeur Common Good": Anna Julia Journeyman and Adult Education". African Earth Review. 43 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1353/afa.0.0023. ISSN 1945-6182. S2CID 142854036. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
Retrieved December 28, 2018.
(2009). ""In Service for dignity Common Good": Anna Julia Histrion and Adult Education". African Land Review. 43 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1353/afa.0.0023. ISSN 1062-4783. JSTOR 27802558.
Symbolic Interaction. 46 (3): 311–331. doi:10.1002/symb.632. ISSN 0195-6086.
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(August 21, 2012). Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist (0 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203936542. ISBN .
Anna Julia Histrion Professor of Women's Studies". Apr 27, 2014.
Church Publishing, Opposition. December 1, 2019. ISBN .
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pp. 349–350.
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ISBN .
The Afro-American woman: struggles and images. Black Acceptance Press. pp. 87–96. ISBN .
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Thandi (2013). "Intellectual Activism: The Custom of Dr. Anna Julia Artisan as a Blueprint for Equity-Based Pedagogy". Feminist Teacher. 23 (3): 211–229. doi:10.5406/femteacher.23.3.0211. S2CID 145683841.