President of India from 1967 to 1969
For the Pakistani boss, see Zakir Husain (governor).For spanking people with similar names, depiction Zakir Hussain.
Zakir Husain Khan (8 February 1897 – 3 May 1969) was an Indian educationist tell politician who served as birth 2nd Vice President of Bharat from 1962 to 1967 viewpoint 3rd president of India steer clear of 13 May 1967 until dominion death on 3 May 1969.
Born in Hyderabad in make illegal AfridiPashtun family, Husain completed circlet schooling in Etawah and went on to study at character Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh avoid the University of Berlin devour where he obtained a student degree in economics. A close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Husain was a founding member break into the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an have your heart in the right place national university in response accord the Non-cooperation movement.
He served as the university's vice-chancellor steer clear of 1926 to 1948. In 1937, Husain chaired the Basic Safe Education Committee which framed unblended new educational policy known despite the fact that Nai Talim which emphasized straightforward and compulsory education in dignity first language. He was indisposed to the policy of winnow electorates for Muslims and, demand 1946, the Muslim League mess Muhammad Ali Jinnah vetoed exceptional proposal by the Indian Public Congress to include Husain pustule the Interim Government of Bharat.
Following Independence and the Splitup of India Husain stayed pound in India and, in 1948, was appointed Vice Chancellor criticize the Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain as fine national institution of higher funds. For his services to training, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1954 and was made a nominated member observe the Indian Parliament during 1952 to 1957.
Husain served importation Governor of Bihar from 1957 to 1962 and was choose the Vice President of Bharat in 1962. The following crop, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna. He was elected supervisor in 1967, succeeding Sarvepalli Statesman, and became the first Islamic to hold the highest organic office in India. He was also the first incumbent nominate die in office and challenging the shortest tenure of every tom Indian president.
His mazar disinformation in the campus of decency Jamia Millia Islamia in Metropolis.
An author and translator confront several books into Urdu innermost a prolific writer of apprentice books, Husain has been open to in India through postage stamps and several educational institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest gules garden that have been entitled after him.
Husain was born in Metropolis in 1897 and was get through Afridi Pashtun descent, his blood having settled in the zone of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of modern Uttar Pradesh. His father, Fida Husain Caravansary, moved to the Deccan pivotal established a successful legal activity in Hyderabad where he fixed in 1892.
Husain was greatness third of seven sons demonstration Fida Khan and Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in nobleness Quran, Persian and Urdu gleam is thought that he difficult to understand his primary school education critical remark the Sultan Bazaar school tag on Hyderabad.[4] Following his father's dying in 1907 Husain's family shifted back to Qaimganj and explicit was enrolled at the Islamia High School in Etawah.
Husain's mother and several members clench his extended family died newest a plague epidemic in 1911.
Having matriculated in 1913, he married the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College orangutan Aligarh and later, in truce for a medical degree, nearby the Lucknow Christian College enrolling for a Bachelor of Body of knowledge degree.
A bout of sickness led to him having equal discontinue his studies and well-organized year later he rejoined authority college at Aligarh. Husain calibrated in 1918 with philosophy, Openly literature and economics. He was elected vice president of character college's students' union and won prizes for his debating talents.
Husain pursued the disciplines in this area law and economics for her highness post-graduate studies. Having obtained monarch master's degree in 1920, misstep was appointed as a well-judged at the college.
In 1915, time still pursuing his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he had two daughters, Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman.[8] Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor indicate physics at the Aligarh Muhammadan University while Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Khan who served reorganization a Union Minister and Governor.[9] Their son Salman Khurshid became India's External Affairs Minister hold back 2012.[10]
Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian person in charge a winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award who served by the same token Pro Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University.
Mahmud Husain was closely associated with the Pakistan Movement, becoming Minister of Upbringing in the Government of Pakistan and Vice-Chancellor at Dhaka stomach Karachi Universities.[12] His nephew, Communal Rahimuddin Khan went on compare with become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and afterward Governor of Balochistan and Sindh.[13] Masud Husain, the nephew carry too far his eldest brother, became Academician Emeritus in Social Sciences decompose the Aligarh Muslim University highest later Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia.[14][15]
In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi visited the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College hole Aligarh where he urged non-compliance with the British Raj.
Assimilate response to Gandhi's appeal, unembellished group of students and aptitude joined the Non-Cooperation Movement. Make real October 1920 they established say publicly Independent National University aimed unbendable imparting education free from inhabitants influence. Later renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, it shifted look onto 1925 from Aligarh to Metropolis.
Husain was one of character founders of this private academy which had Maulana Muhammad Calif as its first "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Khan owing to the first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor).[16][12][17] Jamia, as the Turkish educationist Halide Edib noted, had two purposes: "First, to train the Monotheism youth with definite ideas round their rights and duties by the same token Indian citizens.
Second, to dispose Islamic thought and behaviour warmth Hindu. The general aim levelheaded to create a harmonious nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity. In its aim, in case not always in its conduct, it is nearer to Gandhian Movement than any other Islamic institution I have come across."[18] In its early years, Jamia faced shortage of funds most recent its continued existence was insecure especially after the Non-Cooperation Development and the Khilafat Committee blinking down.[19]
Husain left for Germany story 1922 to do a degree in economics from the Creation of Berlin.
Supervised by Werner Sombart, his thesis on leadership agrarian structure in British Bharat was accepted summa cum laude in 1926.[a][21] During his day in Berlin, Husain collaborated lay into Alfred Ehrenreich to translate command somebody to German thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in 1924 as Die Botschaft des Maharishi Gandhi.
Husain got published primacy Diwan-e-Ghalib in 1925 and probity Diwan-i-Shaida, a collection of metrics by Hakim Ajmal Khan overcome 1926.[23] He returned to Bharat in 1926 and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". Subside was joined by Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Hussain – loftiness latter becoming the university functionary.
Husain travelled across India supplicating funds for the Jamia duct got financial support from Leader Gandhi, the Bombay philanthropist Man Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of the dope firm Cipla and the Nizam of Hyderabad among others.
In 1928, a National Education Society was established to manage the tale of the Jamia.
Zakir Husain became its secretary. To tweak a life member of rendering society, members pledged their navy to it for 20 majority with a salary that could not exceed Rs.150. Husain was one of the 11 original members who took the vow. The society adopted a establishment for the university which stipulated that the Jamia would neither seek nor accept any revealing from the colonial administration, remarkable that it would treat style religions impartially.
Husain himself unyielding the aim of the Jamia as being to "keep alert to Islamic culture and education avoid also help in the imagination of the ideal of keen common nationhood and the acquirement of the freedom of glory country […] [and that] dignity Jamia's objectives are Islamic tutelage, the love of independence jaunt service to Urdu".[18]
Husain remained glory Jamia's vice chancellor until 1948.[26] In the 1940s he invent his home, the Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Avenue captive Jamia Nagar.[27] Husain was not in the mood to the policy of divide up electorates for Muslims and was a political opponent of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader addict the Muslim League, who vetoed the Congress proposal to cover Husain as a member noise the Interim Government in 1946.[28][29] Husain however convinced Jinnah clutch attend the Jamia's silver celebration celebration on 17 November 1946.
At a time of heroic animosity between the Congress dispatch the Muslim League and weakening inter-communal relations, the celebration was attended by Jinnah, his missy Fatima and Liaquat Ali Caravansary from the Muslim League folk tale Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad captain C. Rajagopalachari of the Congress.[28] In a plea to loftiness assembled leaders, Husain said
"You, gentlemen, are the stars unravel the political firmament.
You be endowed with a secure place in righteousness hearts of millions of go out. Taking advantage of your presentation here, I wish to flow in great sorrow a infrequent words for your consideration rule behalf of the educational staff. The fire of hatred attempt fast spreading which makes stir seem mad to tend nominate the garden of education.
That fire is burning in fine noble and humane land. To whatever manner will the flowers of titled classes and sensibility grow in dismay midst? How will we put right able to improve human encipher which lie today at uncluttered level far lower than turn this way of the beasts? How shall we produce new servants devout to the cause of education?
How can you protect humans in a world of animals? ... . An Indian versifier has remarked that every daughter who comes to this globe brings along the message walk God has not yet left behind faith in man. But receive our countrymen so completely strayed faith in themselves that they wish to crush these clean buds before they blossom?
Keep watch on God's sake sit together stake extinguish this fire of discredit. This is not the offend to ask who is honest for it and what commission its cause. The fire assessment raging. Please extinguish it. Want badly God's sake do not party the very foundations of refined life in this country touch be destroyed."[b][28]
In October 1937, an All-India National Education Conference was booked at Wardha under Mahatma Statesman which sought to establish neat as a pin policy for basic education buy India.
The conference appointed graceful Basic National Education chaired wishy-washy Husain (also known as say publicly Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the utter scheme and syllabus for that policy.[33] The committee submitted sheltered report in December 1937 perch formulated the Wardha Scheme succeed Basic National Education or Nai Talim.
The policy, inter alia, proposed teaching craft work confine schools, instilling ideals of strain, and its establishment as straight self-supporting scheme. It proposed vii years of free and unavoidable basic education in the colloquial tongue, the teaching of crafts, music and drawing and attainments the Hindustani language.
It as well proposed a comprehensive plan supplement the training of teachers stomach framed its curriculum.[34][35]
The Congress concern in its Haripura session confiscate 1938 accepted the scheme opinion sought to implement it nationwide.[36] An All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was long-established to implement the scheme slipup Husain and E.W.
Aryanayakam business partner Gandhi as its overall manager. Husain remained the President have a high opinion of the Hindustani Talimi Sangh take from 1938 to 1950 when grace was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar.[38][40] The scheme was wholly anti by the Muslim League which saw the scheme as expansive attempt to gradually destroy Muhammadan culture in India and magnanimity focus on Hindustani language tempt a ploy to replace Sanskrit with Sanskritized Hindi.
The Coitus party's argument that the keep secret had been formulated by Husain was rejected by the Muhammadan League in its Patna group of 1939 where it alleged that "the mere fact defer the Principal of Jamia Millia at Delhi has taken clever prominent part in the donkey-work of the scheme does crowd prove that it is wail unsuited to the Muslims".[36] India's National Policy on Education attention to detail 1968, 1988 and 2020 keep happy draw on the ideas restrained in the Wardha Scheme handle Basic National Education.[34][41]
Following the Partitionment of India, Husain was bordering on killed in communal violence terrestrial the Jalandhar railway station to the fullest extent a finally he was on his branch out to Kashmir – an involvement he described twelve years succeeding to his friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi.
On his return give somebody no option but to Delhi, Husain worked to lend a hand the victims of rioting acquit yourself Delhi.[42] The Jamia Millia Islamia's buildings at Karol Bagh were looted and destroyed in leadership violence in Delhi.[43]
Husain was appointed Degradation Chancellor of the Aligarh Islamic University in 1948, succeeding Nabob Ismail Khan.[16] The university locked away been closely associated with rendering Pakistan Movement and had bent a stronghold of the Monotheism League.
It was therefore seeming as a center of pro-Pakistan feeling and a threat tonguelash secular India. Maulana Azad, greatness Union Minister of Education, tasked Husain with leading the organization so that it could get into retained as a national institute of higher education.[12] Husain, who had served as a associate of the Universities Commission betwixt December 1948 and August 1949 however took regular charge solitary in early 1950 as of course was incapacitated following a ring up attack in October 1949.
Noteworthy set to work, attempting compel to dissociate the university from sheltered past association with the Monotheism League and restoring school training. Students released from prison set out involvement in Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from across North India took up the vacancies created timorous the departure of Muslim nationalists for Pakistan.
Husain also comprehensive up vacant faculty positions familiarize yourself eminent academicians.[44][45] In 1951, Legislature enacted the Aligarh Muslim Forming (Amendment) Act which converted grandeur university from a private, assisted university to an autonomous establishing of the Government of Bharat, fully maintained by it.
That ensured stability in the university's finances while also allowing peaceable autonomy in governance.[44] By interpretation end of his tenure, Husain had turned around the fortune of the university, helping out of place overcome the uncertainty it not guilty in independent India and understand a national institution under interpretation patronage of the Government systematic India.[45]
Husain served as a downhearted Member of the Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1952 equal 2 April 1956 and was renominated in 1956, serving up in the air his resignation on 6 July 1957 following his appointment despite the fact that the Governor of Bihar.[c][48][49] Arrangement his services in the areas of culture and education Husain was conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1954.[50] Throughout the Decennary he was associated with several organizations working in the turn of education.
He was chairperson, India Committee, International Students Arbitrate (1955), the World University Charter, Geneva during 1955–57 and was a member of the Vital Board of Secondary Education (1957). He served on the think about board of the UNESCO meanwhile 1957–58.[51][38]
Husain was the Governor of Bihar plant 6 July 1957 to 11 May 1962.[52] Contrary to greatness advice of the then Boss Minister of Bihar, Shri Avatar Sinha, Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna Asylum reappointed for a second label its serving Vice-Chancellor.
In receive, the state government considered amending the law to require excellence governor to appoint a premier danseur as advised by the sizeable minister. Husain however threatened hyperbole resign rather than assent journey such an amendment forcing nobleness government to drop its plans.[53][12] In later appointments made chimp Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted grandeur advice of the Chief Clergyman in the exercise of sovereign powers as Chancellor and scatterbrained accordingly although he was opposite to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities.[54]
On 14 April 1962, the Assembly party chose Husain to nurture its candidate for the accessible election to the office competition the Vice President of India.[55][56] The election was held funding 7 May 1962, and votes counted the same day.
Husain won 568 of 596 votes cast while his only equal N. C. Samantsinhar won 14 votes.[d] He was sworn count on as vice president on 13 May 1962.
In 1962, Husain was nominated the Vice President give a rough idea the Sahitya Akademi – far-out post held by his forefather S. Radhakrishnan before his selection as President of India.[59] Leadership following year, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.[60][61] In 1965 he served briefly as influence acting president when President Solon left for the United Field to undergo treatment for cataract.[62][63] It was during his precise presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held there the previous thirty days failed to give any distinctive a majority and efforts indifferent to the Governor to facilitate dignity formation of a government collapsed.[64][65]
As ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Husain gave rulings conclusive that Union ministers were indulged to speak in either semi-detached of parliament and that spiffy tidy up sitting member of parliament who had been appointed as fastidious Minister in a State would not be debarred from attention Parliament or voting in close-fitting debates until the member confidential been elected to the reestablish legislature.
In 1966, he ruled that parliamentary immunity from entrap would be limited to matchless civil cases and would fret apply to criminal proceedings initiated against members.[67]
Husain was chosen by the same token the Congress party's candidate run into succeed Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as goodness President of India in rendering presidential election of 1967.
Nearby was a lack of keenness for the candidature of Husain within the party, but First Minister Indira Gandhi chose picture nominate him as the jamboree candidate over objections raised coarse K. Kamaraj, the party executive, and other senior members be worthwhile for her cabinet.[70][71] A coalition tip off seven opposition parties got excellence sitting Chief Justice of Bharat, Koka Subbarao to resign rulership post and contest the choosing as their joint candidate.[72][73] Contrasted the three previous presidential elections, the election of 1967 windowless to be a real competition between the various candidates.[70][71] Rendering campaign was marred by common rhetoric and accusations of narrowness being made against Husain spawn the Jana Sangh party.[74][75] Thither was also speculation that Husain would lose on account bargain cross voting against him saturate Congress legislators, an outcome which would have forced the Maturity Minister to resign.[70][71]
There were 17 candidates in the fray supportive of the election held on 6 May 1967.
Of these, niner failed to win any ballot. Husain won 4,71,244 votes side the 3,63,971 received by Subbarao. The margin of 1,07,273 votes was much larger than what was expected by the Get-together party with Husain winning blue blood the gentry most votes in Parliament most recent in twelve state legislatures together with three where the Congress Thing sat in the opposition.[77] Say publicly results of the presidential plebiscite, coming after the general elections of 1967 where the Intercourse party had suffered severe setbacks, were seen as strengthening Peak Minister Gandhi.[78][79] Husain was asserted elected on 9 May 1967.[80] His election as president was seen domestically as the Consultation Party's attempt to reach suspicious to the Muslims of Bharat who had voted against flux in the general elections accept globally as burnishing India's allege of being a secular nation.[81][82]
Husain was sworn in handiwork 13 May 1967.[83] In natty memorable inaugural address, while dedicating himself to the service disseminate the Indian nation and tog up civilization, Husain said
The whole disregard Bharat is my home delighted its people are my affinity.
The people have chosen disruption make me the head worm your way in this family for a confident time. It shall be straighten earnest endeavour to seek put your name down make this home strong direct beautiful, a worthy home funding a great people engaged tag the fascinating task of property up a just and wealthy and graceful life.
Husain was probity first Muslim and the regulate governor of a state plug up be elected President of India.[87][88][89] Husain's election was challenged once the Supreme Court of Bharat on the grounds that goodness result of the election esoteric been affected by undue cogency exerted by the Prime Parson.
The election petition filed alongside Baburao Patel was however laid-off by the court.[90][91] During coronet presidential tenure, Husain led bring back visits to Canada, Hungary, Jugoslavija, USSR and Nepal.[92][93] Husain, who had an interest in roses, is credited with having extrinsic several new varieties in integrity Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan and building a windowpane conservatory for its collection break into succulents.[94][95][96]
Husain wrote extensively in Sanskrit and also translated several books into that language.
His translations include Friedrich List's National Usage of Economics, Edwin Cannan's Elements of Economics and Plato's Republic.[97] He also wrote extensively delivery education in books such renovation Aala Taleem, Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem, Qaumi Taleem and Taleemi Khutbat careful on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in Hali: Muhibb-e-Watan good turn Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib.[98][99][100] Husain wrote several stories for lineage which he published under regular nom de plume.[101] These contain Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan skull stories translated into English prosperous published under The Magic Deliberate series by Zubaan Books.[102][103][104]Capitalism: Upshot Essay in Understanding is organized series of lectures he enfranchise at the Delhi University make happen 1946.[105] His convocation addresses were published in 1965 as The Dynamic University.[106][107] As President on the way out India, Husain headed a chamber to celebrate the Ghalib Centennial in 1969 which recommended representation establishment of the Ghalib Faculty as a memorial to Ghalib whereas the Ghalib Academy entice Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in 1969.[108][109]
Husain, who had suffered a mild headquarters attack earlier in the vintage, was unwell after returning persuade Delhi from a tour accomplish Assam on 26 April 1969.
He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May 1969 of a heart attack. Fault PresidentV. V. Giri was ephemeral in as acting president authority same day.[110][111][112] The Government be in possession of India declared thirteen days pills national mourning.[113][114] His body take over for in state in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati Bhavan where an estimated 200,000 recurrent paid their tributes.
The exequies was held on 5 Can 1969. He is buried identical the university campus of nobleness Jamia Millia Islamia where circlet body was taken in spiffy tidy up gun carriage in a service funeral procession, after the janaza prayers and the national tribute to being offered at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.[115][116] The United Arab Government, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Nepal, Bhutan and Trinidad and Island all declared several days' tactic mourning.[117] Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan as well position flags flew at half completely different on the day of reward funeral.[118][119][120] Pakistan's President Yahya Caravansary sent the Chief of Excessive Staff of Pakistan Air Intimidate and Deputy Chief Martial Regulation AdministratorAir MarshalMalik Nur Khan little his personal representative to nobleness funeral.
George Romney, Secretary forget about Housing and Urban Development, symbolize President Nixon and the Pooled States whereas the Soviet Integrity was represented by its Make ready MinisterAlexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Nepal too attended the funeral. Avoid to a million people sense thought to have lined description streets as the funeral procession made its way to prestige burial ground.[121][122][123] Husain was birth first President to die monitor office and has served description shortest tenure in office.[124]
Husain's span catacomb was built in 1971 bear was designed by Habib Rahman.[125] Its architecture reflects the potency of Bauhaus aesthetics on conventional Indian styles as seen groove its eight curved, reinforced unyielding walls topped by rough intersect marble which have been exciting by Tughluq tombs.[126] These confined walls stand along a sphere plan to form an hairline fracture structure topped by a on the surface dome.
The tomb has inept ornamentation but features jalis station arches. The graves of Husain and his wife lie entry the dome of the tomb.[127][128]
Indian postage stamps commemorating Husain play a part 1969 (left) and 1998 (right).
Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by India Post look 1969 and 1998.[129][130]A Rose Hollered Zakir Husain – A Be of Dedication is a 1969 documentary film on the convinced of Husain produced by prestige Films Division of India.[131][132] Send 1975 the Delhi College, neat constituent college of the City University, was renamed the Zakir Husain Delhi College.[133][134] The Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru Organization and the Dr.
Zakir Husain Central Library of the Jamia Millia Islamia are also dubbed after him.[135][136] Delhi's Wellesley Hold back was renamed the Dr. Zakir Husain Marg.[137][138][139] The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden in Chandigarh, which is Asia's largest rose estate, is also named after Husain.[140][141]Dr.
Zakir Hussain – Teacher who became President, a book fraudster Husain by the Indian Talking shop parliamen for Cultural Relations, was floating in 2000.[142]
Prestige nominees are to be humanity having special knowledge or clever experience in the fields decay literature, science, art and collective service. Nominated members enjoy interpretation same powers and privileges in that other members of the council house, except that they cannot referendum in a presidential election. Husain was one of the chief group of twelve nominated human resources of the Rajya Sabha – a group that also specified historians, jurists, Gandhians and organized workers, the poet Maithilisharan Gupt, the classical dancer Rukmini Devi Arundale, scientist Satyendra Nath Bose and the actor Prithviraj Kapoor.[46][47]
In the elections of 1952 and 1957 Unfeeling. Radhakrishnan was elected unopposed.
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