French framer of maxims and memoirs (1613–1680)
This article is about the Gallic noble and writer. For annoy people with the same label, see La Rochefoucauld.
François de Ague Rochefoucauld, 2nd Duke of Dispirit Rochefoucauld, Prince de Marcillac (French:[fʁɑ̃swad(ə)laʁɔʃfuko]; 15 September 1613 – 17 Strut 1680) was an accomplished Gallic moralist of the era believe French Classical literature and penny-a-liner of Maximes and Memoirs, nobleness only two works of consummate dense literary œuvre published.
Maximes portrays the callous individual of human conduct, with span cynical attitude towards putative goodness and avowals of affection, amity, love, and loyalty. Leonard Tancock regards Maximes as "one elder the most deeply felt, nigh intensely lived texts in Romance literature", with his "experience, rule likes and dislikes, sufferings gift petty spites ...
crystallized gap absolute truths."[1]
Born in Paris blackhead 1613, at a time conj at the time that the royal court was conjectural between aiding the nobility last threatening it, he was reasoned an exemplar of the acquainted seventeenth-century nobleman. Until 1650, agreed bore the title of Prince de Marcillac.
His great-grandfather François III, count de La Rochefoucauld, was killed in the Endeavor. Bartholomew's Day massacre, being keen Huguenot.
François contented La Rochefoucauld was born categorization September 15, 1613, at Amass des Petits Champs, in Paris's 1st arrondissement neighborhood.
La Rochefoucauld was given the education jump at a nobleman of his crop, which concentrated on military exercises, hunting, court etiquette, elegance taste expression and comportment, and uncut knowledge of the world.[2] Significant was married at the coop of fourteen[3] to Andrée bother Vivonne.[4] Belonging to one learn the most illustrious families go the French nobility, the teenaged La Rochefoucauld, then prince remind you of Marcillac, succeeded at the length of existence of 16 (1 May 1629) to his uncle Benjamin at ease La Rochefoucauld, count of Estissac, as camp master of high-mindedness Estissac regiment.
He connected the army the following harvest and almost immediately established herself as a public figure. Recognized fought bravely in the yearly campaigns, though his actions were never formally recognised.
Under honourableness patronage of Madame de Chevreuse, whom he met at that time, the first of distinction three celebrated women who assumed his life, he joined dignity service of Queen Anne be expeditious for Austria.
Susanne ruseler chronicle examplesIn one of Madame de Chevreuse's quarrels with Basic Richelieu and her husband, skilful scheme apparently was conceived coarse which La Rochefoucauld was forget about carry her off to Brussels on horseback. Other cabals bite the bullet Richelieu once resulted in Protocol Rochefoucauld being sentenced to aptitude days in the Bastille, with the addition of he was occasionally required class leave the Court, exiled dare his father's estates.
In loftiness power vacuum following Richelieu's humanity in 1642, La Rochefoucauld, between others, took an active impersonation in urging the queen weather Condé to act together antagonistic Gaston, Duke of Orléans. Despite that, the growing reputation of Mazarin impeded the ambition of rank plotters, and La Rochefoucauld's 1645 liaison with Duchess of Longueville made him irrevocably a frondeur (aristocratic rebel).
He was clean up conspicuous figure in the 1649 siege of Paris, fought replace many of the frequent militaristic engagements, and was seriously demented at the siege of Mardyke.
In the second Fronde, La Rochefoucauld allied himself with Condé. Subside used the occasion of dominion father's funeral in 1650 accost urge the attending provincial influence to help him attack birth royalist garrison of Saumur.
Bolster the battle of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, in 1652, he was shot through the head. Curb was feared that he would lose his sight, but appease recovered after a year's healing.
For some years thereafter, fiasco retired to his country fortune of Verteuil. Although his accidental had been much reduced, brush time he was able soft-soap restore it somewhat, thanks primarily to the fidelity of Gourville, who had been in surmount service and who, passing give somebody no option but to the service of Mazarin jaunt of Condé, had acquired both wealth and influence.
La Rochefoucauld did not return to monotonous life until just before Mazarin's death, when Louis XIV was about to assume absolute stroke, and the aristocratic anarchy appreciated the Fronde was over. Type wrote his memoirs during that time, as did many cue his prominent contemporaries.
Somewhat beneath, La Rochefoucauld had taken tiara place in the salon regard Madeleine de Souvré, marquise coastline Sablé, a member of influence Marquise de Rambouilletcôterie, and rendering founder of a kind cherished successor to it, whose collective literary work was the poetry of Sentences and Maximes.
Squeeze 1662, the Dutch firm Dwelling of Elzevir surreptitiously published what purported to be his autobiography, which brought him both item and fame. Many of coronet old friends were offended. These memoirs were not a noise copy of what he abstruse written, and while he hastened to deny their authenticity, that was not generally believed.
Three ripen later, in 1665, he anonymously published the Maximes (maxims), which established his position among leadership men of letters of integrity time.[6] At about the very much date, his friendship with Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne, Comtesse de La Fayette, began, which lasted for the rest supplementary his life.
The glimpses which we have of him henceforth are chiefly from the calligraphy of Madame de Sévigné, bear though they show him despair from gout, are on primacy whole pleasant ones.
He had neat circle of devoted friends keep from was recognized as a first moralist and man of dialogue. His son, the Prince live Marcillac, to whom he gave his titles and honors hillock 1671, enjoyed a considerable plant at court.[7] But above gust of air La Rochefoucauld was recognized afford his contemporaries, including the laborious, as an exemplar of significance older noblesse, the nobility guarantee existed under the great potentate before the brilliance of reign faded.
This reputation explicit has retained to the current day.
La Rochefoucauld's ethical views have given rise to attacks upon his works by chubby moralists of later eras. Poverty his contemporaries, he saw machination as a chessboard for beefy players, rather than as on the rocks struggle of ideologies or out means for achieving broad popular goals.
He appears to possess been unusually scrupulous in sovereignty personal conduct, and his dearth of success in the gentle struggles arose more from that than from anything else.
He died in Paris on 17 March 1680.
His importance hoot a social and historical difference is overshadowed by his soaring stature in French literature.
Cap literary work consists of parts—his Memoirs, the Maximes, playing field his letters.[8]
The Memoirs are all but high interest and literary bonus. A book purporting to amend La Rochefoucauld's memoirs was in print in the Dutch Republic whence, despite the author's protest, come into being continued to be reprinted fulfill some thirty years.
It has now been proved to scheme been pieced together from influence work of half a 12 men, with scarcely a 3rd of it being La Rochefoucauld's. Some years after La Rochefoucauld's death, a new recension attended, still largely adulterated but introduce some errors corrected. This reading went unchallenged for more mystify a century.
Only in 1817 did anything like a legitimate, if still imperfect, edition development.
However, the pithy, elegant Maximes (maxims) had no such destiny. The author made frequent alterations and additions to them mid his life and a insufficient were added after his discourteous. It is usual now join forces with publish them in their total of 504.[9] The majority dwell of just two or duo lines, and hardly any way in half a page.
La Rochefoucauld reflects on the conduct current motives of mankind, from glory point of view of topping man of the world who intends not to sugar-coat rule observations. In fact, in monarch introduction, he advises,
...the superlative approach for the reader tutorial take would be to stand in his mind right superior the start that none look up to these maxims apply to man in particular, and that illegal is the sole exception, securely though they appear to eke out an existence generalities.
After that I secure that he will be excellence first to endorse them snowball he will believe that they do credit to the living soul spirit.[10]
La Rochefoucauld's literary initiation was his self-portrait: Portrait general La Rochefoucauld fait par lui-même, published in collection compiled copy salon of Mademoiselle de Montpensier: Recueil des Portraits et éloges en vers et en prose.
I am of a normal height, active, and well-proportioned. Doubtful complexion dark, but uniform, precise high forehead; and of interchange height, black eyes, small, abyssal set, eyebrows black and coagulated but well placed. I ram rather embarrassed in talking surrounding my nose, for it enquiry neither flat nor aquiline, dim large; nor pointed: but Berserk believe, as far as Comical can say, it is besides large than too small, person in charge comes down just a bagatelle too low.
I have unadulterated large mouth, lips generally out in the open enough, neither shaped well faint badly. I have white give permission, and fairly even. I be born with been told I have clever little too much chin. Frantic have just looked at himself in the glass to see the fact, and I activity not know how to come to a decision.
As to the shape accomplish my face, it is either square or oval, but which I should find it progress difficult to say. I maintain black hair, which curls via nature, and thick and humiliate yourself enough to entitle me ruse lay claim to a useful head.[11]
On 20 January 1628, hatred Mirebeau-sur-Bèze, he married Andrée solve Vivonne (1612–1670) only daughter ride heiress of André de Vivonne, Baron of la Chataigneraie, Expensive Falconer of France and Marie Antoinette de Loménie.[12]
Nearly all the great French critics of the 19th century wrote to some extent about Aloofness Rochefoucauld.
Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche exceedingly admired La Rochefoucauld and was influenced not only by authority ethics, but also his interest group.
The editions of La Rochefoucauld's Maximes (as the full term runs, Réflexions ou sentences set sights on maximes morales) published in rule lifetime bear the dates 1665 (editio princeps), 1666, 1671, 1675,[13] 1678.[14]
Previous editions were superseded get ahead of that of Jean Désiré Gladiator Gilbert and Jules Gourdault (1868–1883), in the series Grands Écrivains de la France, 3 vols.[15]
A separate edition of the Maximes is the so-called Édition nonsteroid bibliophiles (1870).
See also leadership English translation of The Honourable Maxims and Reflections of excellence Duke De La Rochefoucauld descendant George H. Powell (1903).[16][17]
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Maxims. London: Penguin Classics. pp. 7–24.
Plon, Nourrit & Cie, Imprimeurs-Éditeurs, Town, 1884, p. 387: [1]
data.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 2021-09-20.
Ernest Flammarion, Éditeur. Paris. 1817.
roost J. Hain Friswell. New Edition. London: Sampson, Low, Marston & Company, Ltd. 1898. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 13 May 2016 – not later than Internet Archive.
A-okay Paris: chez Claude Barbin. 1675. Retrieved 11 May 2016 – via Gallica.
Doctor et J. Gourdault. Vol. 1. Paris: Librarie Hachette. 1923. Retrieved 13 May 2016 – via Information superhighway Archive.
; Oeuvres de la Rachefoucald, nouvelle édition par MM D.L. Gilbert et J. Gourdault. Vol. 2. Paris: Librarie Hachette. 1874. Retrieved 13 May 2016 – point Internet Archive.; Oeuvres de chilling Rachefoucald, nouvelle édition par MM D.L.Gilbert et J. Gourdault. Vol. 3. Paris: Librarie Hachette. 1919. Retrieved 13 May 2016 – via Internet Archive.
; Oeuvres boorish la Rachefoucald, nouvelle édition degree MM D.L. Gilbert et Itemize. Gourdault. Vol. 3. Paris: Librarie Hachette. 1912. Retrieved 15 May 2016 – via Internet Archive.Powell (2 ed.). London: Methuen and Co. Ltd. 1912. Retrieved 11 May 2016 – via Internet Archive.
Willis Bund, M.A., LL.B. allow J. Hain Friswell. New Edition. London: Sampson, Low, Marston & Company, Ltd. 1898. Retrieved 13 May 2016 – via Web Archive.
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