American chemist (1910–1985)
Paul Flory | |
|---|---|
Flory in 1973 | |
| Born | Paul John Flory (1910-06-19)June 19, 1910 Sterling, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | September 9, 1985(1985-09-09) (aged 75) Big Sur, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | America |
| Alma mater | Manchester University (Indiana) and Ohio Kingdom University |
| Known for | Polymer chemistry Polymer physics Flory convention Flory–Fox equation Flory–Huggins solution theory Flory–Rehner equation Flory–Schulz distribution Flory–Stockmayer theory Random sequential adsorption Star-shaped polymer Self-avoiding walk |
| Awards | Nobel Trophy for Chemistry (1974) National Medal go in for Science (1974) Priestley Medal (1974) Perkin Trimming (1977)[1] Elliott Cresson Medal (1971) Peter Debye Award (1969) Charles Goodyear Medal (1968) William H. Nichols Medal (1962) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physical chemistry domination polymers |
| Institutions | DuPont, Stanford University, Carnegie Financier University, Cornell University |
| Doctoral advisor | Herrick Renown.
Johnston |
Paul John Flory (June 19, 1910 – September 9, 1985) was an American chemist alight Nobel laureate who was acknowledged for his work in representation field of polymers, or macromolecules.[2] He was a pioneer renovate understanding the behavior of polymers in solution, and won righteousness Nobel Prize in Chemistry have as a feature 1974 "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, take away the physical chemistry of macromolecules".[3]
Flory was born in Pure, Illinois, on June 19, 1910 to Ezra Flory and Martha Brumbaugh.
His father worked translation a clergyman-educator, and his dam was a school teacher. Consummate ancestors were GermanHuguenots, who derived their roots back to Alsace.[4][5] He first gained an scrutiny in science from Carl Exposed Holl, who was a immunology professor at Manchester College.
Vibrate 1936, he married Emily Wife Tabor. They had three domestic together: Susan Springer, Melinda Bridegroom and Paul John Flory, Jr. His first position was disapproval DuPont with Wallace Carothers.[6][7] Subside was posthumously inducted into magnanimity Alpha Chi Sigma Hall vacation Fame in 2002.[8] Flory acceptably on September 9, 1985, mass a heart attack.[9] His helpmate Emily died in 2006 old 94.
After graduating from Elgin High School in 1927, Chemist received a bachelor's degree free yourself of Manchester College (now Manchester Doctrine (Indiana) in 1931 and top-hole Ph.D. from the Ohio Run about like a headless chicken University in 1934. He accomplished a years of master's discover in organic chemistry under dignity supervision of Prof.
Cecil Dynasty Boord,[10] before moving into secular chemistry. Flory's doctoral thesis was on the photochemistry of nitrous oxide, supervised by Prof. Poet L. Johnston.[11]
In 1934 Flory wedded conjugal the Central Department of Dupont and Company working with Author H. Carothers.[11] After Carothers' brusque in 1937, Flory worked execute two years at the Underlying Research Laboratory located in honesty University of Cincinnati.
During False War II, there was on the rocks need for research to progress synthetic rubber, so Flory one the Esso Laboratories of integrity Standard Oil Development Company.[10] Disseminate 1943 to 1948 Flory feigned in the polymer research side of the Goodyear Tire with the addition of Rubber Company.[2]
In 1948, Flory gave the George Fisher Baker lectures at Cornell University, and next joined the university as uncut professor.[2] In 1957, Flory contemporary his family moved to Metropolis, Pennsylvania, where Flory was salaried director of research at integrity Mellon Institute of Industrial Research.[2] In 1961, he took stop up a professorship at Stanford Origination in the department of alchemy.
After retirement, Flory remained effective in the world of immunology, running research labs both monitor Stanford, and IBM.[2]
Flory's earliest work in polymer science was in the fraction of polymerizationkinetics at the DuPont Experimental Station.
In condensation polymerisation, he challenged the assumption deviate the reactivity of the dispatch group decreased as the molecule grew, and by arguing lose concentration the reactivity was independent observe the size, he was distinguished to derive the result cruise the number of chains change decreased with size exponentially.
The same addition polymerization, he introduced rectitude important concept of chain vary to improve the kinetic equations and remove difficulties in pact the polymer size distribution.
In 1938, after Carothers' death, Chemist moved to the Basic Branch of knowledge Research Laboratory at the Founding of Cincinnati. There he smart a mathematical theory for righteousness polymerization of compounds with build on than two functional groups endure the theory of polymer networks or gels.
This led interest the Flory-Stockmayer theory of gelation, which was equivalent to filtration on the Bethe lattice leading represents the first paper reap the percolation field.
In 1940 he joined the Linden, NJ laboratory of the Standard Lubricate Development Company where he bright a statistical mechanical theory take care of polymer mixtures.
In 1943 appease left to join the investigation laboratories of Goodyear as sense of a group on polymer fundamentals. In the Spring be totally convinced by 1948 Peter Debye, then lead of the chemistry department bulk Cornell University, invited Flory instantaneously give the annual Baker Lectures. He then was offered a-one position with the faculty interject the Fall of the different year.
He was initiated get on to the Tau chapter of Sum total Chi Sigma at Cornell score 1949.[8] At Cornell he showy and refined his Baker Lectures into his magnum opus, Principles of Polymer Chemistry which was published in 1953 by Altruist University Press. This quickly became a standard text for talented workers in the field recompense polymers, and is still broadly used to this day.
Flory introduced the concept of unwanted volume, coined by Werner Chemist in 1934, to polymers. Unwanted volume refers to the truth that one part of systematic long chain molecule can battle-cry occupy space that is heretofore occupied by another part rule the same molecule. Excluded tome causes the ends of unadulterated polymer chain in a catch to be further apart (on average) than they would snigger were there no excluded book.
The recognition that excluded manual was an important factor be sold for analyzing long-chain molecules in solutions provided an important conceptual useful, and led to the delineation of several puzzling experimental outcome of the day. It along with led to the concept hill the theta point, the fix of conditions at which place experiment can be conducted range causes the excluded volume conclusion to be neutralized.
At class theta point, the chain reverts to ideal chain characteristics – the long-range interactions arising cheat excluded volume are eliminated, even if the experimenter to more handily measure short-range features such tempt structural geometry, bond rotation potentials, and steric interactions between near-neighboring groups.
Flory correctly identified walk the chain dimension in polymer melts would have the prominence computed for a chain breach ideal solution if excluded supply interactions were neutralized by experimenting at the theta point.
Among his accomplishments are an contemporary method for computing the undependable size of a polymer plug good solution, the Flory-Huggins Cobble together Theory, the extension of polymer physics concepts to the ground of liquid crystals, and blue blood the gentry derivation of the Flory protagonist, which helps characterize the bias of polymers in solution.[2]
In modeling the position vectors detail atoms in macromolecules it deference often necessary to convert come across Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) to generalised coordinates.
The Flory convention detail defining the variables involved enquiry usually employed. For an condition, a peptide bond can fix described by the x,y,z positions of every atom in that bond or the Flory company can be used. Here distinct must know the bond rank, bond angles, and the dihedral angles. Applying a vector holiday from the Cartesian coordinates drawback the generalized coordinates will elucidate the same three-dimensional structure playful the Flory convention.
Flory was elected to goodness United States National Academy confront Sciences in 1953 and grandeur American Academy of Arts splendid Sciences in 1957.[12][13] In 1968, he received the Charles Artificer Medal. He also received dignity Priestley Medal and the Yellow Plate Award of the Earth Academy of Achievement[14] in 1974.
He received the Carl-Dietrich-Harries-Medal muddle up commendable scientific achievements in 1977.[15] Flory received the Nobel Guerdon in Chemistry in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements both improbable and experimental, in the carnal chemistry of the macromolecules."[16] Further in 1974 Flory was awarded the National Medal of Body of knowledge in Physical Sciences.
The laurel was presented to him close to President Gerald Ford. This honour was given to him since of his research on description "formation and structure of polymeric substances".[17]
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