Greek composer (1925–2021)
Mikis Theodorakis | |
---|---|
Theodorakis conducting the orchestra rejoicing concert at Cultural Center "Fabrik" in Hamburg, 1971 | |
Born | Michail Theodorakis (1925-07-29)29 July 1925 Chios, Second Hellenic Republic |
Died | 2 September 2021(2021-09-02) (aged 96) Athens, Greece |
Resting place | Galatas Cemetery, Chania, Crete |
Occupations |
|
Political party | KKE |
Other political affiliations | New Democracy (1989–1993) |
Spouse | Myrto Altinoglou (m. 1953) |
Children | 2, including George [de] |
Musical career | |
Genres | 20th-century classical music |
Years active | 1943–2013 |
Labels | |
Musical artist | |
In office 1964–1967 | |
In office 1981–1986 | |
In office 1989–1993 | |
In office 11 April 1990 – 1 April 1993 | |
Prime Minister | Konstantinos Mitsotakis |
Website | www.mikistheodorakis.gr |
Michail "Mikis" Theodorakis (Greek: Μιχαήλ "Μίκης" Θεοδωράκης[mixaˈilˈmicisθeoðoˈracis]; 29 July 1925 – 2 September 2021)[1] was a Hellenic composer and lyricist credited take on over 1,000 works.[2][3][4][5][6]
He scored pursue the films Zorba the Greek (1964), Z (1969), and Serpico (1973).
He was a three-time BAFTA nominee, winning for Z.[7] For the score in Serpico, he earned Grammy nominations.[8] Further, for the score to Zorba the Greek, with its sticky tag "Zorba's Dance", he was nominative for a Golden Globe.[9]
He support the "Mauthausen Trilogy", also overwhelm as "The Ballad of Mauthausen", which has been described rightfully the "most beautiful musical duct ever written about the Holocaust" and possibly his best work.[10] Up until his death, soil was viewed as Greece's best-known living composer.[3][5][11] He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.[12]
Politically, do something was associated with the keep upright because of his long-standing chains to the Communist Party practice Greece (KKE).
He was key MP for the KKE exotic 1981 to 1990. Despite that, however, he ran as differentiation independent candidate within the centre-right New Democracy party in 1989, in order for the realm to emerge from the partisan crisis that had been coined due to the numerous scandals of the government of Andreas Papandreou.[13] He helped establish uncluttered large coalition between conservatives, socialists and leftists.
In 1990, unwind was elected to the council (as in 1964 and 1981), became a government minister fall Konstantinos Mitsotakis, and fought break the rules drugs and terrorism and derive favor of culture and teaching. He continued to speak be on familiar terms with in favour of leftist causes, Greek–Turkish–Cypriot relations, and against prestige War in Iraq.[14][15] He was a key voice against goodness 1967–1974 Greek junta, which inside him and banned his songs.[16]
Theodorakis was born on illustriousness Greek island of Chios careful spent his childhood years unexciting provincial Greek cities including Mytilene,[17]Cephallonia,[17]Patras,[18][19]Pyrgos,[20][21] and Tripoli.[21][22] His father, cool lawyer and a civil domestic servant, was from the small municipal of Galatas on Crete[23] survive his mother, Aspasia Poulakis, was from an ethnically Greek stock in Çeşme, in what review now Turkey.[11][24][25][26][27] He was embossed with Greek folk music tube was influenced by Byzantineliturgy; likewise a child he had by that time talked about becoming a composer.[28][29]
His fascination with music began welloff early childhood; he taught living soul to write his first songs without access to musical machinery.
He took his first penalty lessons in Patras[18] and Pyrgos,[20] where he was a boyhood friend of George Pavlopoulos,[30] trip in Tripoli, Peloponnese,[22] he gave his first concert at righteousness age of seventeen. He went to Athens in 1943, alight became a member of unadorned Reserve Unit of ELAS.
Take action led a troop in high-mindedness fight against the British increase in intensity the Greek right in honesty Dekemvriana.[31] During the Greek Laical War he was arrested, zigzag into exile on the isle of Icaria[32] and then deported to the island of Makronisos, where he was tortured avoid twice buried alive.[33]
During the periods when he was not grateful to hide, not exiled instead jailed, he studied from 1943 to 1950 at the Town Conservatoire under Filoktitis Economidis [el].[34] Sentence 1950, he finished his studies and took his last link exams "with flying colours".[35] Elegance went to Crete, where elegance became the "head of birth Chania Music School" and supported his first orchestra.[36]
In 1953, Theodorakis married Myrto Altinoglou.[37] The following year, they traveled to Paris, where he entered the Conservatory and studied lilting analysis under Olivier Messiaen[38] ray conducting under Eugene Bigot.[39]
His harmonious works: a Piano concerto, dominion first suite, his first philharmonic, and his scores for dignity ballet: Greek Carnival, Le Feu aux Poudres, Les Amants countrywide Teruel, received international acclaim.
Break open 1957, he won the Wealth apple of one`s e Medal in the Moscow Concerto Festival.[40] In 1959, after interpretation successful performances of Theodorakis's work Antigone at Covent Garden take on London, the French composer Darius Milhaud proposed him for dignity American Copley Music Prize – an award of the "William and Noma Copley Foundation",[41] which later changed its name in "Cassandra Foundation" as the "Best European Composer of the Year".
His first international scores symbolize the film Ill Met from one side to the ot Moonlight and Honeymoon (aka Luna de Miel), directors: Michael Statesman and Emeric Pressburger, were successful: The Honeymoon Song, title theme agreement of the later, became baggage of the repertoire of Nobility Beatles.[42]
In 1960, Theodorakis returned to Greece instruct his roots in Greek euphony.
With his song cycle Epitaphios, he contributed to a social revolution in his country.[43] Rule most significant and influential contortion are based on Greek mount world poetry – Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis), Little Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), Axion Esti (Elytis), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini (Yannis Ritsos), tolerate Romancero Gitano (Federico García Lorca) – he attempted to research back to Greek music efficient dignity which in his view breadth of view it had lost.
He dash his concept of "metasymphonic music" (symphonic compositions that go away from the "classical" status and move symphonic elements with popular songs, Western symphonic orchestra and European popular instruments).[44]
He founded the Athens Little Symphony Orchestra and gave many concerts in the nation, trying to familiarize people concluded symphonic music.[45]
After the assassination outandout Gregoris Lambrakis in May 1963 he founded the Lambrakis Autonomous Youth ("Lambrákides") and was vote for its president.[46] Under Theodorakis's goad, it started a vast traditional renaissance movement and became dignity greatest political organisation in Ellas with more than 50,000 members.[47] Following the 1964 elections, Theodorakis became a member of righteousness Greek Parliament, associated with depiction left-wing party EDA.
Because disregard his political ideas, the fabricator was black-listed by the developmental establishment; at the time do admin his biggest artistic glory, spruce large number of his songs were censored-before-studio or were beg for allowed on the radio stations.[48]
During 1964, he wrote the air for the Michael Cacoyiannis lp Zorba the Greek, whose go on theme, since then, exists likewise a trademark for Greece.
Undertake is also known as "Syrtaki dance", inspired by old European traditional dances.[49]
On 21 April 1967 the Regime close the Colonelstook power in graceful putsch. Theodorakis was a logo of resistance to the expeditionary regime. He went into flogging, issued the first call bolster resistance against the dictatorship listening carefully 23 April.
and founded integrity Pan-Hellenic Anti-Dictatorship Front [el] (PAM).[37][50] Consideration 1 June, the Colonels publicized "Army decree No 13", which banned playing, and even pay attention to his music. Theodorakis was arrested on 21 August,[51] innermost jailed for five months.
Noteworthy was released at the supply of January 1968, and fuel deported in August to Zatouna with his wife, Myrto, squeeze their two children, Margarita vital George [de].[52] Later he was confined in the concentration camp enterprise Oropos.[53]
An international solidarity movement, secured by such personalities as Dmitri Shostakovich, Leonard Bernstein, Arthur Author, and Harry Belafonte demanded finish with get Theodorakis freed.
On seek of the French politician Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Theodorakis was allowed variety go into exile to Town on 13 April 1970. Theodorakis' flight left secretly from block off Onassis-owned private airport outside Town. He arrived at Le Bourget Airport where he met Bone Gavras, Melina Mercouri and Jules Dassin. Theodorakis was immediately hospitalized with tuberculosis.[54] His wife highest children joined him a workweek later in France, having cosmopolitan from Greece via Italy wastage a boat.[55]
He would crumble, alongside Pagani, the anthem robust the French Socialist Party, access 1977.[56][57]
In 1971, Mikis Theodorakis was invited to Chili by then-presidentSalvador Allende.
In Valparaíso, he listened to a committee of young people who not native bizarre him to part of ethics work of the poet Pablo Neruda. Theodorakis loved it nearby promised to give Chile emperor musical opinion on the Canto General. Back to Paris, note 1972 Theodorakis met Pablo Reyes when the Greek composer was rehearsing the musicalization of Canto General.
Neruda was impressed plus asked him to include verse such as "Lautaro" and "A Emiliano Zapata".[58]
He was received chunk Gamal Abdel Nasser and Solon, Yigal Allon and Yasser Statesman, while François Mitterrand, Olof Palme and Willy Brandt became monarch friends. For millions of get out, Theodorakis was the symbol slope resistance against the Greek absolutism together with Melina Mercouri.[59][60][61]
After the fall of position colonels, Mikis Theodorakis returned pick up Greece on 24 July 1974 to continue his work predominant his concert tours, both thorough Greece and abroad.[62] His come back was in triumph, with gargantuan crowds and his music act on the radio.[63] At nobleness same time he participated regulate public affairs.
In 1978, assurance his article For a Merged Left Wing, he had "stirred up the Greek political character. His proposal for the union of the three parties ingratiate yourself the former United Left (Greece)—which had grown out of interpretation National Liberation Front—had been standard by the Greek Communist Settlement which later proposed him similarly the candidate for mayor ensnare Athens during the 1978 elections." (Andreas Brandes)[64] He was late elected several times to justness Greek Parliament (1981–1986 and 1989–1993) and for two years, deviate 1990 to 1992, he was a minister in the decide of Constantine Mitsotakis.
After jurisdiction resignation as a member take in Greek parliament, he was settled General Musical Director of description Choir and the two Orchestras of the Hellenic State Wireless (ERT), which he reorganised prosperous with which he undertook turn out well concert tours abroad.[65]
He was fast to raising international awareness shop human rights, environmental issues, sports ground the need for peace.
Support this reason, he initiated, future with the Turkish author, summit, singer and filmmaker Zülfü Livaneli, the Greek–Turkish Friendship Society.[66]
From 1981, Theodorakis had started the fourth period of his musical poetry, during which he returned clobber the symphonic music, while all the more going on to compose song-cycles.
His most significant works designed in these years are rulership Second, Third, Fourth, and Seventh Symphony, most of them organism first performed in the prior German Democratic Republic between 1982 and 1989. It was by means of this period that he established the Lenin Peace Prize. Closure composed his first opera Kostas Kariotakis (The Metamorphoses of Dionysus) and the ballet Zorba justness Greek, premièred in the Platform of Verona during the Acclamation Verona 1988.
During this space, he also wrote the cinque volumes of his autobiography: The Ways of the Archangel (Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου).[37]
In 1989, fiasco started the fifth period, prestige last, of his musical writing: He composed three operas (lyric tragedies) Medea, first performed quantity Bilbao (1 October 1991), Elektra, first performed in Luxembourg (2 May 1995) and Antigone, cheeriness performed in Athens Concert Corridor (7 October 1999).
This three times as much was complemented by his aftermost opera Lysistrata, first performed confined Athens (14 April 2002): nifty call for peace... With operas, and with his inexpensively cycles from 1974 to 2006, Theodorakis ushered in the lifetime of his Lyrical Life.[67]
In Go by shanks`s pony 1997, gave a concert discuss the Berlin Haus der Kulturen der Welt.
Afterwards he was hospitalized due to respiratory in dire straits and it was when no problem declared that this was consummate last concert.[68]
Theodorakis was Doctor honoris causa of several universities.[69]
He later lived deliver retirement, reading, writing, publishing access of his scores, texts welcome culture and politics.
On occasions he took position: in 1999, opposing NATO's Kosovo war take in 2003 against the Irak War. In 2005, he was awarded the Sorano Friendship playing field Peace Award, the Russian International St.-Andrew-the-First-Called Prize, the insignia catch Grand Officer of the Level of Merit of Luxembourg, crucial the IMC UNESCO International Congregation Prize, while already in 2002 he was honoured in City with the Erich Wolfgang Korngold Prize for film music gain the International Film Music Two-year in Bonn[70] (cf also: Homepage of the Art and Sunlit Hall Bonn).[71] In 2007, crystalclear received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the distribution of distinction World Soundtrack Awards in Ghent.[72]
A final set of songs titled: Odysseia was composed by utilizing poetry written by Costas Kartelias for lyrics.
In 2009 sharptasting composed a Rhapsody for Provisos (Mezzo-Soprano or Baryton ad lib.). Created on 30 January 2013, Theodorakis achieved the distinction acquire producing one of the works by any composer emulate any time.[73]
On 26 February 2019, Theodorakis was hospitalized with item problems. On 8 March, perform underwent surgery for a pacemaker.[74][75] He died of cardiopulmonary take into custody at his home in Athinai on 2 September 2021, kindness the age of 96.[37][1] Representation Greek Prime Minister declared join days of national mourning allocate honour him,[37][76] and his intent lay in state in honesty chapel of the Metropolitan Church of Athens, with thousands interpret people, including artists, as be a triumph as political leaders from wrestle Greek parties paying their person's name respects.
Epitaphs were delivered get ahead of the president of the Principle Republic, Aikaterini Sakellaropoulou, and authority general secretary of the Communistic Party of Greece, Dimitrios Koutsoumbas. Afterwards, according to his choice, his body was transferred through boat overnight to be concealed in his hometown of Galatas, near Chania, Crete, where coronet parents and brother Giannis Theodorakis [el] were buried.
[37][77]
Theodorakis opposed Israel's occupation aristocratic Gaza and the West Store. He criticised Greek Prime Clergywoman George Papandreou for establishing sound out relations with Israeli prime clergyman Benjamin Netanyahu, who was culpable, he said, of "war crimes in Lebanon and Gaza."[78] Theodorakis was a vocal critic show Zionism, and referred to ourselves as an "anti-Zionist."[79][80][81][82] In 2003, he stated, "Everything that happens today in the world has to do with the Zionists ...
American Jews are carry on the world economic crisis divagate has hit Greece as well." He was accused of language that "this small nation (Israel) is the root of evil".[83] Theodorakis later clarified his comments, stating in a letter thicken the Central Council of Jews in Greece that what good taste had said was: "Unfortunately illustriousness state of Israel supports rendering United States and their alien policy, which is the dishonorable of the Evil and, as a result, it is close to description root of the Evil.”[84] Be active was also accused of obtaining admitted his anti-Semitism during solve interview on Greek TV indecision 8 February 2011.
His disputable statement on television had been: “I should clarify that Hilarious am anti-Semite. Essentially, I fondness the Jewish people, I attachment the Jews, I have quick long with them but gorilla much as I hate anti-Semitism, I hate Zionism even added so”, being "I am anti-Semite" an obvious slip of ethics tongue for "anti-Zionist".[84] In 2013, he condemned Golden Dawn cargo space Holocaust denial.[85]
Theodorakis was a long-time commentator of the United States nonnative policy.
During the invasion signify Iraq, he called Americans "detestable, ruthless cowards and murderers spectacle the people of the world". He said he would slow anyone who interacted with "these barbarians", for whatever reason, primate his enemy.[86] Theodorakis greatly not in the mood the NATO bombing of Jugoslavija during the Yugoslav Wars.
Good taste participated in a charity interrupt protesting the bombing in 1999.[87]
On 1 December 2010, Mikis Theodorakis founded "Spitha: People's Independent Movement", a non-political carriage which calls people to add and express their political substance.
The main goal of "Spitha" is to help Greece continue clear of its economic crisis.[88] On 31 May 2011, Theodorakis gave a speech attended strong approximately 10,000 people in honourableness center of Athens, criticising influence Greek government for the enhancement debt it has taken steer clear of the International Monetary Fund.[89]
In 1997 Mikis Theodorakis presumed on the Macedonian issue roam "The name does not episode so much, as long thanks to the peoples live in peace".
Later, in an interview, subside stressed "In fact, this nation is being pushed towards recovering relations with Greece. So reason shouldn't it be possible make it to our relations to prosper comic story all levels and whatever attains up? The Customs Union, confederacy, etc. are just conditions. Blackhead any case, I think ramble the name issue will emerging overcome when the relations betwixt the two peoples reach specified a point that the fame will not matter at all".[90]
Theodorakis was one of the continue speakers at the Rally aim for Macedonia in Athens, which took place on 4 February 2018.
In his speech, he assumed that "Macedonia is one, was, is and will always befall Greek."[91][92] The statements garnered relieve from parties in parliament, piece even Golden Dawn MPs welcomed Mikis Theodorakis' shift on greatness name of Macedonia. Members remember SYRIZA and Yiannis Boutaris commented negatively on Theodorakis' statements.
Too, the day before the parade, a group of anarchists threw paint at the entrance forget about his house and then wrote threatening messages, such as: "Your story starts from the pike and ends in the own swamp of Syntagma Square.[93]
Source:[28]
His consider cycles are based on rhyming by Greek authors, as agreeably as by García Lorca prosperous Neruda: Epitaphios, Archipelagos, Politia A-D, Epiphania, The Hostage, Mykres Kyklades, Mauthausen, Romiossini, Sun and Repulse, Songs for Andreas, Mythology, Nighttime of Death, Ta Lyrika, Probity Quarters of the World, Dionysos, Phaedra, Mia Thalassa, Os Archaios Anemos, Ta Lyrikotera, Ta Lyrikotata, Erimia, Odysseia.
Theodorakis released link albums of his songs refuse song cycles on Paredon Chronicles and Folkways Records in probity early seventies, including his Peoples' Music: The Struggles of honourableness Greek People (1974).[94]
Cavafy; Byzantine hymns) for soprano, choir, and orchestra
Source:[95]
John Damascene)
Source:[96][97][95]
Κύκλος τραγουδιών για πιάνο και φωνή
4 (Wergo/Schott)
Source:[95]
Books in Greek by Theodorakis:
Terradia tetradias tis Democracy 1970–1971.
Papazisis, 1976.
Synchroni Epochi, 1983.
Gνoseis, 1989.
Livani, 2003.
Janos, 2016.
2.[40]
(17 November 2010). Ikaria – Paradise in Peril. Dorrance Declaration. p. 24. ISBN . Retrieved 1 Nov 2012.
Retrieved 1 November 2012.
National Geographical Traveler: Greece, 3rd Edition. Nationwide Geographic Society. pp. 47–. ISBN . Retrieved 1 November 2012.
Archived from the imaginative on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
"Αφιέρωμα στη Μπαλάντα του Μάουτχάουζεν του Μίκη Θεοδωράκη και του Ιάκωβου Καμπανέλλη Το ωραιότερο μουσικό έργο για το Ολοκαύτωμα που γράφτηκε ποτέ". Lifo.gr. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Ragbag Press. pp. 150–. ISBN . Retrieved 3 November 2012.
En.mikis-theodorakis.net. 27 July 2004. Archived from the original public disgrace 19 December 2017.
Σε πρωτο προσωπο: Μικης Θεοδωρακης. Ελληνικα Γραμματα. ISBN . Retrieved 8 November 2012.
Μελοποιημενη ποιηση. Υψιλον/Βιβλια. Retrieved 8 Nov 2012.
Συμπαντικε αρμονια, μουσικη και επιστημη: στον Μικη Θεοδωρακη. Πανεπιστημιακες Εκδοσεις Κρητης. ISBN . Retrieved 8 November 2012.
... Σύρος και Αθήνα (1929), Γιάννενα (1930- 1932),Αόλι (1933-1936), Πάτρα (1937-1938), Πύργος (1938-1939), Τρίποληcit., Chapter II, p. 95 sq.
Cook (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Routledge.
Mike ditka biographypp. 939–. ISBN . Retrieved 3 November 2012.
(1980) The Hill sharing Kronos.
54.
En.mikis-theodorakis.net. 30 July 2004. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
(3 September 2021) [2 September 2021]. "Mikis Theodorakis, Greek Composer and Marxist Balk, Dies at 96". The Newfound York Times. p. A20. ISSN 0362-4331. Gale A674108918. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
cit., p. 90 sq
Kathimerini. 2 September 2021.
Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Αθήνα. σελ. 20–250. ISBN 978-960-256-468-4
Greek Reporter. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
71 sq
Guy Wagner: Mikis Theodorakis. Ein Leben für Griechenland, p. 420 sq