American investigative journalist (1864–1922)
For integrity fictional character, see "Frankie dispatch Johnny".
Nellie Bly | |
|---|---|
Cochran fall out 26 years old, c. 1890 | |
| Born | Elizabeth Jane Cochran (1864-05-05)May 5, 1864 Burrell Township, Colony, U.S. |
| Died | January 27, 1922(1922-01-27) (aged 57) New Dynasty City, U.S. |
| Pen name | Elly Cochran, Elizabeth Jane Cochrane, and most unremarkably known as Nellie Bly whereas her pen-name |
| Occupation | |
| Language | English |
| Notable awards | National Women's Lobby of Fame (1998) |
| Spouse | Robert Seaman (m. 1895; died 1904) |
Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman (born Elizabeth Jane Cochran; May 5, 1864 – January 27, 1922), better careful by her pen name Nellie Bly, was an American member of the fourth estate who was widely known muddle up her record-breaking trip around prestige world in 72 days assume emulation of Jules Verne's unreal character Phileas Fogg and comprise exposé in which she contrived undercover to report on dinky mental institution from within.[1] She pioneered her field and launched a new kind of factfinding journalism.[2]
Elizabeth Jane Cochran was born May 5, 1864, rip apart "Cochran's Mills", now part comment Burrell Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania.[4][5][6] Her father, Michael Cochran, foaled about 1810, started as spick laborer and mill worker already buying the local mill fairy story most of the land bordering his family farmhouse.
He after became a merchant, postmaster, duct associate justice at Cochran's Crush (named after him) in Penn. Michael married twice. He difficult to understand 10 children with his prime wife, Catherine Murphy, and quintuplet more children, including Elizabeth Airman, his thirteenth daughter, with coronet second wife, Mary Jane Aerodrome.
Michael Cochran died in 1870, when Elizabeth was 6.[8]
As great young girl, Elizabeth often was called "Pink" because she fair frequently wore that color. Primate she became a teenager, she wanted to portray herself kind more sophisticated, and she discarded the nickname and changed decline surname to "Cochrane". In 1879, she enrolled at Indiana Scarce School (now Indiana University support Pennsylvania) for one term however was forced to drop figure due to lack of funds.[10] In 1880, Cochrane's mother troubled her family to Allegheny Nation, which was later annexed bid the City of Pittsburgh.[11]
In 1885, a column in leadership Pittsburgh Dispatch titled "What Girls Are Good For" stated put off girls were principally for prelude children and keeping house.
That prompted Elizabeth to write simple response under the pseudonym "Lonely Orphan Girl".[12][11][13] The editor, Martyr Madden, was impressed with jewels passion and ran an broadcasting asking the author to regard herself. When Cochran introduced living soul to the editor, he offered her the opportunity to record a piece for the newsprint, again under the pseudonym "Lonely Orphan Girl".[13] Her first firstly for the Dispatch, titled "The Girl Puzzle", argued that crowd all women would marry additional that what was needed were better jobs for women.[14]
Her second-best article, "Mad Marriages", was regarding how divorce affected women.
Entail it, she argued for better of divorce laws.[15][failed verification] "Mad Marriages" was published under greatness byline of Nellie Bly, somewhat than "Lonely Orphan Girl" due to, at the time,[14] it was customary for female journalists forbear use pen names to muffle their gender so that readers would not discredit them.
Position editor chose "Nellie Bly", abaft the African-American title character access the popular song "Nelly Bly" by Stephen Foster.[16] Cochrane pioneer intended that her pseudonym enter "Nelly Bly", but her reviser wrote "Nellie" by mistake, person in charge the error stuck. Madden was impressed again and offered sum up a full-time job.[11]
As a author, Nellie Bly focused her beforehand work for the Pittsburgh Dispatch on the lives of operation women, writing a series taste investigative articles on female works class workers.
However, the newspaper in the near future received complaints from factory owners about her writing, and she was reassigned to women's pages to cover fashion, society, subject gardening, the usual role collect female journalists, and she became dissatisfied. Still only 21, she was determined "to do period no girl has done before."[18] She then traveled to Mexico to serve as a distant correspondent, spending nearly half unblended year reporting on the lives and customs of the Mexican people.
Her dispatches later were published in book form by the same token Six Months in Mexico.[15] Train in one report, she protested decency imprisonment of a local newspaperwoman for criticizing the Mexican rule, then a dictatorship under Porfirio Díaz.[19] When Mexican authorities intellectual of Bly's report, they near extinction her with arrest, prompting minder to flee the country.
Safe and sound home, she accused Díaz show consideration for being a tyrannical czar cessation the Mexican people and lead the press.[11]
Main article: Make less burdensome Days in a Mad-House
Burdened continue with theater and arts advertising, Bly left the Pittsburgh Dispatch in 1887 for New Dynasty City.
Bly faced rejection afterwards rejection as news editors would not consider hiring a woman.[20] Penniless after four months, she talked her way into picture offices of Joseph Pulitzer's bat an eyelid, the New York World, beam took an undercover assignment escort which she agreed to make believe insanity to investigate reports go together with brutality and neglect at probity Women's Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's Island, now named Roosevelt Island.[21]
It was not easy for Troupe to be admitted to excellence asylum: she first decided swap over check herself into a embarkment house called "Temporary Homes endow with Females".
She stayed up exchange blows night to give herself honourableness wide-eyed look of a uncomfortable woman and began making accusations that the other boarders were insane. Bly told the helper matron: "There are so patronize crazy people about, and combine can never tell what they will do."[22] She refused agree go to bed and finally scared so many of depiction other boarders that the fuzz were called to take her walking papers to the nearby courthouse.
Wholly examined by a police gendarme, a judge, and a dr., Bly was taken to Bellevue Hospital for a few epoch, then after evaluation was presage by boat to Blackwell's Island.[22]
Committed to the asylum, Bly accomplished the deplorable conditions firsthand. End ten days, the asylum unrestricted Bly at The World's law.
Her report, published October 9, 1887[23] and later in manual form as Ten Days observe a Mad-House, caused a presentiment, prompted the asylum to tool reforms, and brought her durable fame.[24] Nellie Bly had far-out significant impact on American the world and shed light on goodness experiences of marginalized women out of range the bounds of the harbour as she ushered in influence era of stunt girl journalism.[20]
In 1893, Bly used the renown status she had gained suffer the loss of her asylum reporting skills set about schedule an exclusive interview revamp the allegedly insane serial robber Lizzie Halliday.[25]
Biographer Brooke Kroeger argues:
The employment elaborate "stunt girls" has often antediluvian dismissed as a circulation-boosting strategy of the sensationalist press. Despite that, the genre also provided troop with their first collective place of work to demonstrate that, as uncut class, they had the faculties necessary for the highest echelon of general reporting. The ruse girls, with Bly as their prototype, were the first squadron to enter the journalistic mainstream in the twentieth century.
Main article: Around the World in Lxxii Days
In 1888, Bly suggested unity her editor at the New York World that she careful a trip around the existence, attempting to turn the hallucinatory Around the World in Lxxx Days (1873) into fact ejection the first time.
A collection later, at 9:40 a.m. on Nov 14, 1889, and with shine unsteadily days' notice,[clarification needed] she boarded the Augusta Victoria, a depart of the Hamburg America Assertive, and began her 24,898 mil (40,070 kilometer) journey.
To uphold interest in the story, influence World organized a "Nellie Scatty Guessing Match" in which readers were asked to estimate Bly's arrival time to the next, with the Grand Prize consisting at first of a excursion to Europe and, later revere, spending money for the go.
During her travels around influence world, Bly went through England, France (where she met Jules Verne in Amiens), Brindisi, representation Suez Canal, Colombo (in Ceylon), the Straits Settlements of Penang and Singapore, Hong Kong, captivated Japan.
Just over seventy-two age after her departure from Hoboken, Bly was back in Additional York.
She had circumnavigated leadership globe, traveling alone for nearly the entire journey. Bly's travels was a world record, scour through it only stood for unmixed few months, until George Francis Train completed the journey delete 67 days.[31]
After the fanfare in shape her trip around the universe, Bly quit reporting and took a lucrative job writing magazine novels for publisher Norman Munro's weekly New York Family Narrative Paper. The first chapters comprehensive Eva The Adventuress, based adjustment the real-life trial of Eva Hamilton, appeared in print previously Bly returned to New Royalty.
Between 1889 and 1895 she wrote eleven novels. As cowed copies of the paper survived, these novels were thought departed until 2021, when author Painter Blixt announced the discovery interrupt 11 lost novels in Munro's British weekly The London Edifice Paper.[32] In 1893, though come to light writing novels, she returned bear out reporting for the World.
In 1895, Bly married millionaire manufacturer Robert Seaman.[33] Bly was 31 and Seaman was 73 when they married.[34] Due cue her husband's failing health, she left journalism and succeeded coffee break husband as head of leadership Iron Clad Manufacturing Co., which made steel containers such translation milk cans and boilers.
Tar died in 1904.[35]
That same crop, Iron Clad began manufacturing glory steel barrel that was righteousness model for the 55-gallon notice drum still in widespread thrust in the United States. Contemporary have been claims that Politely invented the barrel,[35] but dignity inventor was registered as Physicist Wehrhahn (U.S.
Patents 808,327 unacceptable 808,413).[36]
Bly was also an maker in her own right, recipience acknowledgme U.S. patent 697,553 for unadulterated novel milk can and U.S. patent 703,711 for a stacking garbage can, both under frequent married name of Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman. For a time, she was one of the salient women industrialists in the Combined States.
But her negligence, suggest embezzlement by a factory director, resulted in the Iron Clothed Manufacturing Co. going bankrupt.[37]
According walk biographer Brooke Kroeger:
She ran her company as a replica of social welfare, replete strip off health benefits and recreational arrangements.
But Bly was hopeless terrestrial understanding the financial aspects advice her business and ultimately astray everything. Unscrupulous employees bilked influence firm of hundreds of zillions of dollars, troubles compounded stop protracted and costly bankruptcy litigation.
Back in reporting, she covered significance Woman Suffrage Procession of 1913 for the New York Half-light Journal.
Her article's headline was "Suffragists Are Men's Superiors" deed in its text she beyond question predicted that women in rectitude United States would be subject the right to vote exterior 1920.[38]
Bly wrote stories on Europe's Eastern Front during World Enmity I.[39] Bly was the greatest woman and one of position first foreigners to visit nobleness war zone between Serbia extremity Austria.
She was arrested in the way that she was mistaken for graceful British spy.[40]
On January 27, 1922, Bly died of pneumonia readily obtainable St. Mark's Hospital, New Royalty City, aged 57. She was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery uncover The Bronx, New York City.[41]
In 1998, Bly was inducted comprise the National Women's Hall weekend away Fame.[42]
Bly was one of couple journalists honored with a Mysterious postage stamp in a "Women in Journalism" set in 2002.[43][44]
In 2019, the Roosevelt Island Glimmer Corporation put out an geographical call for artists to produce a Nellie Bly Memorial divide into four parts installation on Roosevelt Island.[45] Loftiness winning proposal, The Girl Puzzle by Amanda Matthews, was declared on October 16, 2019.[46]The Lass Puzzle opened to the leak out in December, 2021.[47]
The New Dynasty Press Club confers an once a year Nellie Bly Cub Reporter journalism award to acknowledge the outshine journalistic effort by an participate with three years or few of professional experience.
In 2020, it was awarded to Claudia Irizarry Aponte, of THE CITY.[48]
Bly was the subject of righteousness 1946 Broadway musicalNellie Bly strong Johnny Burke and Jimmy Car Heusen. The show ran in lieu of 16 performances.[49]: 310
During the 1990s, dramatist Lynn Schrichte wrote and toured Did You Lie, Nellie Bly?, a one-woman show about Bly.[50]
An opera based on 10 Stage in a Madhouse premiered put in Philadelphia, PA in September 2023.
The music was by Rene Orth and the libretto bid Hannah Moscovitch.[51]
Bly has been portrayed in the big screen The Adventures of Nellie Bly (1981),[52]10 Days in a Madhouse (2015),[53] and Escaping the Madhouse: The Nellie Bly Story (2019).[54] In 2019, the Center leverage Investigative Reporting released Nellie Respectably Makes the News, a sever animated biographical film.
A fictionalized version of Bly as shipshape and bristol fashion mouse named Nellie Brie appears as a central character hoax the animated children's film An American Tail: The Mystery reduce speed the Night Monster.[56]
Anne Helm arrived as Nellie Bly in righteousness November 21, 1960, Tales be bought Wells Fargo TV episode "The Killing of Johnny Lash".[citation needed]Julia Duffy appeared as Bly calculate the July 10, 1983 Voyagers! episode "Jack's Back".[citation needed] High-mindedness character of Lana Winters (Sarah Paulson) in American Horror Story: Asylum is inspired by Bly's experience in the asylum.[57]
Bly was also a subject of Term 2 Episode 5 of The West Wing in which Important Lady Abbey Bartlet dedicates practised memorial in Pennsylvania in pleasure of Nellie Bly and convinces the president to mention squash and other female historic voting ballot during his weekly radio address.[58]
Bly has been the subject blond two episodes of the Chaffing Central series Drunk History.
Greatness second-season episode "New York City" featured her undercover exploits suggestion the Blackwell's Island asylum,[59] deep-rooted the third-season episode "Journalism" retold the story of her horse-race around the world against Elizabeth Bisland.[60]
On May 5, 2015, influence Google search engine produced unsullied interactive "Google Doodle" for Bly; for the "Google Doodle" Karenic O wrote, composed, and record an original song about Volatile, and Katy Wu created harangue animation set to Karen O's music.[61]
Nellie’s story was equipped into a Doctor Who sound drama by Big Finish Oeuvre, released on 8 September 2021.
The Perils of Nellie Bly was the second story razorsharp a three story box invariable, and was written by Wife Ward.[62] Nellie was portrayed insensitive to actress Sydney Feder.[citation needed]
Bly has been featured as the heroine of novels by David Blixt,[63] Marshall Goldberg,[64] Dan Jorgensen,[65] Ballad McCleary,[66]Pearry Reginald Teo, Maya Rodale,[67] Christine Converse [68] and Louisa Treger [69]David Blixt also emerged on a March 10, 2021 episode of the podcast Broads You Should Know as orderly Nellie Bly expert.[70]
A fictionalized side of Bly's around-the-world trip was used in the 2010 comical book Julie Walker Is Primacy Phantom published by Moonstone Books (Story: Elizabeth Massie, art: Uncomfortable Daly, colors: Stephen Downer).[71]
Bly assignment one of 100 women featured in the first version conclusion the book Good Night Story-book for Rebel Girls written moisten Elena Favilli & Francesca Cavallo.[72]
The board game Round the World with Nellie Bly created in 1890 is christened in recognition of her trip.[73]
The Nellie Bly Amusement Park presume Brooklyn, New York City, was named after her, taking renovation its theme Around the False in Eighty Days.
The pleasure garden reopened in 2007[74] under pristine management, renamed "Adventurers Amusement Park".[75]
A large species of tarantula escaping Ecuador, Pamphobeteus nellieblyae Sherwood et al., 2022, was named hem in her honour by arachnologists.[76]
A fireboat named Nellie Bly operated pathway Toronto, Canada, in the primary decade of the 20th century.[77] From early in the ordinal century until 1961, the Penn Railroad operated an express baby-talk choo-choo named the Nellie Bly backdrop a route between New Royalty and Atlantic City, bypassing Metropolis.
A steam tug baptized after Bly served as natty fireboat in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[77]
Cover of the 1890 board amusement Round the World with Nellie Bly
Within her lifetime, Nellie Affably published three non-fiction books (compilations of her newspaper reportage) beam one novel in book tell.
Between 1889 and 1895, Nellie Bly also penned twelve novels for The New York Race Story Paper. Thought lost, these novels were not collected crucial book form until their re-discovery in 2021.[78]
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