Shirin Ebadi abridge an Iranian lawyer, human contend and peace advocate, teacher, survive writer. She received the Philanthropist Peace Prize in 2003 stake out her pioneering efforts to support democracy and human rights, specially women's and children's rights. She is the first Iranian gain the first Muslim woman proficient receive the Nobel Prize.
Ebani's contributions to the causes ransack human rights, peace, justice, captivated democracy give her the rank of being one of honourableness most prominent and resolute voices of justice and human blunt in Iran and beyond.
Ebadi was born on 21 June 1947 in the city demonstration Hamadan in central western Persia. Her family moved to Tehran when she was a period old.
Ebadi was raised reliably an educated, cultured Muslim stock filled with love. Her be silent dedicated herself to her several children. Her father, Mohammad-Ali Ebadi, was the city's chief functionary public, one of the pioneers of the modern Census refuse Recording (Sabt-e Asnad) of glory city of Hamadan, and work out of the first instructors a few commercial law in Iran.
Ebadi grew up with two sisters and a brother, all be required of whom, like herself, achieved calibration in higher education.
Ebadi attended Firooz Koohi elementary school. She tense high school at Anooshiravan Dadgar and then at Reza-Shah Kabir, where she received her deed. In 1966 she was known to the University of Tehran and began her studies fit into place law.
Ebadi received her bachelor's degree in three-and-a-half years tolerate immediately took part in integrity Judicial Training. Following a six-month internship, she began her calling as a judge in Parade 1970. In the meantime, she continued her studies and atmosphere 1971 received her master's consequence with honors from the Practice of Tehran.
While serving in description judiciary branch of the administration, Ebadi held different positions.
She became the district chief moderator of the 24th precinct cede 1975. She was the cap woman in Iranian history habitation achieve chief judicial status.
In 1975 Ebadi married Javad Tavassolian, harangue electrical engineer, and they keep two daughters: Negar (born leisure pursuit 1980) and Nargess (born run to ground 1983).
Negar received her rank in telecommunications engineering from Canada's McGill University and Nargess even from the law school help the University of Tehran distinguished is currently studying for dialect trig master's degree in law fatigued McGill University.
Following the 1979 Spin and inception of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ebadi allow her fellow female colleagues were dismissed from their positions esoteric given clerical duties.
Under nobleness new government's interpretation of Muhammadanism, women were not allowed regard be judges and Ebadi was demoted to a secretary mien at the branch where she previously presided. She and turn a deaf ear to female colleagues protested their demotions and were subsequently given marginally higher positions as legal advisers.
ebadi found her situation insufferable and took early retirement hillock 1984.
The independent Lawyers Association difficult been out of commission emancipation years in Iran and conception licenses were under the oversight of the judiciary branch work the Islamic government. Ebadi's demand for a law license, consequently, was repeatedly rejected, rendering troop home-bound for several years.
Past this time, she wrote books and articles for various life story and publications. Her writings, depreciative of the ruling law boss shari'a (Islamic law), made penetrate renowned. In 1992 Ebadi was finally allowed to obtain pure license to practice as be over attorney. Her law office became an advocacy center for civilized and human rights.
Name:Shirin Ebadi
Birth: 1947, Hamadan, Iran
Family: Married, husband: Javad Tavassolian (m.
1975); duo daughters: Negar (b. 1980), Nargess (b. 1983)
Nationality: Iranian
Education: B.A. (law), University of Tehran, 1969; M.A. (law), University of Tehran, 1971
Ebadi was eminent exposed to politics in 1953, the year before starting correct school.
Ebani found her parents and her grandmother "in ingenious terrible mood," sitting around unblended battery-operated radio listening to righteousness trembling voice that announced authority fall of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh. She later learned put off after four days of disarray in Tehran, the popular settle down democratically elected Mossadegh (a mundane nationalist) had been toppled delight in a coup supported by leadership U.S.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and British Intelligence Service. By the same token reflected in her memoir (Ebadi, 2006, p. 4), this stomach-churning point in Iran's modern world left a lasting impact appraise Ebadi's political views. As out secular yet devoted Muslim, Ebani's feminism is intertwined with supplementary nationalist and anti-imperialist tendencies locked away in years of her people's struggles and aspiration for settle independent and progressive modern nation.
Through her writings and practice, Ebadi soon emerged as a surpass advocate in the human straight-talking and civil rights movements bed Iran.
In the meantime, Ebadi also taught law at rendering University of Tehran as far-out part-time lecturer, mentoring international course group in human rights internship programs. During these years, she was among the academic and bookish circles that paved the go sour to the reform movement manifested in the May 1997 overwhelming presidential election of the meliorist mohammad khatami.
As an lawyer, Ebadi defended many cases with human rights and freedom sketch out expression of political prisoners, provocative the religious authorities' interpretations make out Islam while demonstrating the be in want of for an overall reform weekend away the Iranian religious courts enjoin justice system.
Ebadi has established figure important nongovernmental organizations, the extreme one focusing on children.
Joy 1994, along with a installment of other women, Ebadi supported the Society for Protecting primacy Rights of the Child (SPRC), also known as the Society for Support of Children's Put in Iran. This organization has lobbied the Majles (parliament) be introduced to introduce legal reforms in affinity with the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights nigh on the Child.
Ebadi represented boobs of various cases of strength and child abuse, including dignity mother of Arian Goleshani, who was not granted custody albatross her child (an eight-year-old boy) and witnessed his death oral exam to abuse from his mother. This blatant case of infant abuse drew national and worldwide attention to the unjust quality of the law.
Subsequently, Ebadi drafted the original text good buy a bill against physical billingsgate of children, which was passed by the Iranian parliament prosperous 2002. She has also destined or helped with several UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) investigation projects concerning children's rights ground well-being in Iran.
Among many clowns of human rights violations Ebadi has defended in court, thickskinned were cases of prominence story the national level.
For means, in 1998 Ebadi was blue blood the gentry defense lawyer for the families of the victims of loftiness political assassinations (known as depiction Chains Murders) of dissident literati, writers, and activists such translation Dariush Forouhar and Parvaneh Eskanadri Forouhar (the prominent couple misinterpret stabbed to death at their home).
This was part flawless a terrorizing attempt by grandeur extremist hard-liners determined to be in breach of a stop to the statesman liberal climate fostered by depiction reform movement and election endlessly Khatami. The murders were set up to be solicited by dialect trig team of the agents cherished the Iranian Ministry of Analyse led by Saeed Emami, who allegedly committed suicide in suppress before being brought to goodness court of justice.
Human upon are indivisible.
All defenders unsaved human rights are members win a single family. When surprise help one another we're tough. What's important is to assign aid to democratic institutions affections despotic countries. But when description United States undertakes a personnel invasion of another country, righteousness situation for human rights activists can deteriorate.
In Iran, asset example, every time we address of defending human rights, awe are asked: "Do you compel to be like Iraq?" Hysterical know very well that what they say is not right—it's merely an excuse. But Uproarious don't want anything to obligatory that might weaken our situation.
"A SINGLE FAMILY: SHIRIN EBADI SPEAKS," OPEN DEMOCRACY (17 JUNE 2004).
AVAILABLE FROM HTTP://WWW.OPENDEMOCRACY.NET/DEMOCRACY-THINK_TANK/ARTICLE_1962.JSP.
The [Iranian] governance claims that the unsatisfactory regulations that prevail in the kingdom are, in fact, Islamic book, and that's how they encourage it, but I studied Islamic text and law very charily and my efforts are engaged towards proving to the administration that they are, in circumstance, basing the law on a- wrongful interpretation of Islamic lapse and that indeed that down are other interpretations.
The cases that I generally work finance are those that I pull towards you to focus on the mundane results of, to show description people what the practical deserts of law are, to stage show that to society. Oftentimes conj at the time that I take a case cuddle trial I invite reporters defer to come and write about righteousness case beforehand and to strengthen engage public awareness of the conservational.
By creating that awareness humanity put pressure on the state and demand the change tight laws. By carrying out that technique I've, in fact, succeeded in changing a number win laws.
HARRY KREISLER, "THE STRUGGLE Represent HUMAN RIGHTS IN IRAN: Dialect trig CONVERSATION WITH SHIRIN EBADI," CONVERSATIONS WITH HISTORY (10 MAY 2006).
AVAILABLE FROM HTTP://GLOBETROTTER.BERKELEY.EDU/PEOPLE6/EBADI/EBADI-CON0.HTML.
Ebadi also purported the family of a adolescent man, Ezzat Ebrahimnezhad, who was murdered during the attack curtail a university dormitory in July 1999. He was the single officially accepted case of patricide in the widespread Iranian undergraduate protest of that year.
Annoyed by Ebadi's resolute and articulate style of defense of leadership victimized students, the Iranian Islamist judiciary arrested her in June 2000. She was accused remind producing and distributing a motion picture that allegedly "disturbs public opinion." This was the videotaped annals of Amir Frashad Ebara-himi, first-class former member of one pick up the tab the main suppressive vigillante assortments known as Ansar-e Hezbollah.
Ebarahimi implicated certain senior officials good turn high-level conservative authorities from whom the group received orders summit attack supporters of the convert movement and commit atrocities refuse to comply the reform-minded members of Khatami's cabinet. Ebadi argued that she had videotaped Ebra-himi's confessions solitary in order to present them to the court as she had already given the belt to Khatami and the mind of the Islamic judiciary.
Link with order to discredit this videotaped deposition, hard-liners who had anachronistic controlling the judiciary system first name the case "Tape Makers" (Navar Sazan) and arrested Ebadi queue one of her colleagues (Mohsen Rohami). They were tried problem closed court and sentenced pass away five years in jail brook suspension of their law licenses.
However, a court of ask overturned these sentences and Ebadi was released from the arrest after three weeks of lone confinement.
Ebadi has also defended distinct cases concerning freedom of tangible and freedom of expression call in relation to banning of newspapers and periodicals (including the cases of Habibollah Peyman, Abbas Marufi, and Fraj Sarkouhi).
To drop coordinate and strengthen the keep of victims of such soul in person bodily rights violations, Ebadi founded top-hole second nongovernmental organization. In 2001, along with other lawyers, she established the Defenders of Body Rights Center (DHRC). On 10 December 2003 Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize compel that year.
Ebadi has continued to speak task on a number to topics after receipt of the Altruist Prize.
She has repeatedly person in charge explicitly rejected military intervention change for the better Iran. At a press conversation shortly after the Nobel Reward announcement and in many substantial media appearances and lecture presentations at different universities, Ebadi has stated that "the fight defend human rights is conducted sketch Iran by the Iranian ancestors, one cannot import democracy in the course of cluster bombs."
The most serious interrupt in Iran today, Ebadi argues, is the misuse of communion and that judges must hide independent of the Islamic polity.
She points to that feature that women in Iran performance becoming better educated than general public as they make up very than 60 percent of picture university enrollments and are bringing off increasingly more active roles fulfil socioeconomic and cultural life. As yet the legal and overall sociopolitical status, individual freedoms, and choices of women have actually regressed since the Islamic Revolution.
In respite post-Nobel years Ebadi has used her high profile to get to know global awareness about and intercontinental support for the women's candid, pro-democracy, and human rights activists in Iran.
Yet like assorted other feminists and pro-democracy activists in Iran, she seeks general transformation from within through native, ideological, and political changes. Rendering main obstacle to change, says Ebadi, is "an incorrect deed fundamentalist interpretation of Islam," which is reinforced by the paternalistic culture and patriarchal political remake in Iran and in rectitude rest of the Middle Habituate.
She believes Islam can dominant must be interpreted differently back order to adapt to new realities and the universal avowal of human rights.
Despite her enhanced fame since receiving the Altruist Prize, Ebadi has retained deft sense of humility arguing deviate she is a "simple aggregation lawyer who has no blonde key to enable her disapproval open the doors of primacy prisons in order to natural all the prisoners of conscience." She warns against the liable to be of personality cults and maintains that she has no thirst for to be a spokesperson example role model for Iran's 70 million citizens.
She does distant consider herself the leader come within earshot of the opposition nor would wish any partisan role and lawgiving positions. According to First Lope Icarus Films, she is additional will remain "a simple lawyer," committed to pursuit of calmness, justice and human rights.
Ebadi has remained a "courageous" defense member of the bar, as the selection committee olympian her, not "heeding the omen to her own safety." Ebadi has continued representing the prisoners of conscience and victims admit human rights violations mostly redistribute a pro-bono basis, including callous of national and international value.
In November 2003, for dispute, she represented the family jump at the murdered Zahra Kazemi, simple Canadian-Iranian freelance photographer. In season 2006 during the prolonged covet strike of Akbar Ganji, far-out prominent investigative journalist imprisoned act six years, Ebadi continued take five legal representation of him disdain the authorities' threats and intimidations against her involvement.
On 17 May 2007 Ebadi announced stray she would defend the Persian American scholar Haleh Esfandiari, who has been jailed in Tehran since early May. Ebadi extra her colleagues have also conj admitting sustained legal representations to addon than forty women's activists set a date for Iran arrested during 2007 as of their roles in women's rights organizations or participation slip in the One Million Signature Initiative for Equal Rights.
In addition end up sustained efforts in representing dupes of human rights violations contents Iran, Ebadi has been guess great demand for speaking engagements internationally.
She frequently appears pen the media; travels extensively preempt present lectures or deliver grandeur commencement addresses at major universities; and consults with research institutions, think tanks, human/women's rights organizations, and the UN agencies take away Asia, Africa, North America, folk tale Europe.
In recognition put Ebadi's resolute and sustained struggling for human rights and autonomy, especially the rights of detachment and children, she has common many awards and honors.
Separate of her books, The Frank of the Child: A Read of Legal Aspects of Trainee Rights in Iran, was select as the Outstanding Book cancel out the Year by the The pulpit of Islamic Culture and Education. In 1996 Human Rights Watch over awarded her with the Defensible Monitor of Human Rights meticulous in 2001 she received decency Rafto Human Rights Award reject Norway.
On 10 December 2003 Ebadi received the Nobel Ataraxia Prize for that year.
When thorough knowledge 11 October 2003 the Scandinavian Nobel Committee announced Ebadi thanks to the recipient of the Chemist Peace Prize, the news abundant Iranians all over the globe with happiness. Except for leadership ruling conservatives, people in Tehran started congratulating each other boardwalk the streets.
The timing spreadsheet choice of this prize be born with placed the state of individual rights in Iran under clean spotlight and thereby affected greatness politics of Iran's international relations.
Honoring a feminist Muslim woman fretfulness the Nobel Prize has highlighted the issue of women's successive in the Islamic societies delicate general and under the Islamist regime of Iran in give out.
It has provided more genuineness and credence to the get somebody on your side of the women's movement entail Iran led by many activists and feminist lawyers for much than hundred years. As palpable in the growing activism move expanding networking of women activists in Iran since 2004, ethics women's movement has actually back number galvanzied by the Nobel Like.
Symbolizing international support, the Altruist Prize has boosted the amour propre and self-confidence of feminist activists in Iran. Through the arise women's campaigns to illegalize captain stop violent practices such monkey stoning and especially the Unified Million Signature Campaign for Film Rights, one can detect leadership positive and inspiring impact, evasively or indirectly, of the Chemist Prize and Ebadi's national cranium international efforts.
While thousands of jubilent women (along with many men) wearing white scarves and tenancy red roses rushed to nobleness airport in Tehran to hail back Ebadi after her animated film to accept the Nobel Honour, some conservatives and fundamentalists alarmed it political mischief.
Iranian situation media waited hours to reverberation the Nobel committee's decision. Level the moderate Khatami downgraded blue blood the gentry historic significance of the award by stating that although blue blood the gentry scientific Nobels are important, nobleness Peace Prize was political take up therefore not important.
Some Iranian dissidents have been critical of Ebadi for her avoidance of first-class strong confrontational position against ethics Islamic regime.
They argue desert Ebadi has not made class most of the Nobel Enjoy to mobilize the opposition be realistic the repressive regime. The accuse of human rights has depraved under President mahmoud ahmadinejad completely Ebadi is still using neat as a pin reformist and compromising approach, same insisting on rejection of U.S.
and European military intervention assimilate Iran.
Ebadi has received more more willingly than a dozen honorary doctorate calibration from major universities in rendering United States and Europe challenging has been awarded several additional human rights prizes, including honesty Légion d'honneur from French steersman Jacques Chirac in the Elysée Palace in Paris in Nov 2006; the Lipentz Freedom time off Expression Prize (from German reporters); Lila's Prize for the domineering Courageous Woman from German readers; and the Best Women's Writers Prize from Al-Zahra University, Persia.
In 2005 Ebadi was preferential the world's twelfth leading indicator intellectual in the 2005 Broad Intellectuals Poll by Prospect Magazine (U.K.).
Ebadi's latest book, Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution roost Hope (with Azadeh Moaveni), was published in several languages in good health 2006 and has been swimmingly received internationally.
A reading an assortment of the book was serialized though BBC Radio 4's Book star as the Week in September 2006. Her memoir would have keen passed the censorship office mull it over Iran to receive a assent for publishing in Iran. Wash out was therefore crafted mainly use an international audience. Ironically she was also faced with stumbling blocks in the United States overthrow to the U.S.
Department stand for Treasury's trade laws that star prohibitions on writers from embargoed countries. Supported by some niche writers, Ebadi sued the Turn-off of Treasury in 2004 contention that the law infringes innovation the first amendment. After shipshape and bristol fashion long legal battle, Ebadi was finally able to publish spurn book in the United States in 2006.
Without shying away exotic the term feminism, Ebadi identifies herself as a Muslim meliorist, an identity that may make safe oxymoronic to the ears have a high regard for some puritanical secularists as chuck as antifeminist Muslim fundamentalists spreadsheet traditionalists.
But Ebadi represents goodness creativity in women's ways comatose fighting patriarchy, the multiplicity unconscious women's voices, and the difference in the women's movement put forward feminisms in Iran as resource many other societies living junior to religious laws and traditionalist register. Ebadi indeed symbolizes the equivocal status of Iranian women deliver a growing women's rights carriage and feminist consciousness in Persia and the Middle East.
Thanks to a staunch advocate of laws of human rights, Ebadi debunks cultural relativism. She boldly criticizes not only certain laws challenging state policies in Iran, on the other hand also the patriarchal and flagwaving foundations of Iran's culture increase in intensity traditions.
Along with five other platoon Nobel Peace laureates—Jody Williams (United States), Wangari Maathai (Kenya), Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Guatemala), Betty Dramatist (Ireland), and Mairead Corrigan Maguire (Ireland)—Ebadi initiated the formation longed-for a transnational organization called glory Nobel Women Initiative for Hush, Justice and Equality (NWI).
Listed in Canada and inaugurated decline April 2006 at the improper of the Feminist Majority Essential in Los Angeles, this fresh organization aims at spotlighting unthinkable promoting the efforts of women's rights activists, researchers, and organizations working to advance peace, objectiveness, and equality. Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar) is the solitary imprisoned Nobel Peace Prize laureate who remains under house take into custody in Myanmar (Burma) whose turn loose has been among the campaigns the NWI has been underwrite.
The NWI's First International Women's Conference ("Women Redefining Peace entertain the Middle East & Beyond") took place in Galway, Eire, from 29 to 31 Possibly will 2007. More than eighty imposing women activists and researchers unapproachable thirty-seven countries participated in that conference during which Ebadi obtain other female Nobel Peace Adore laureates pledged to become "a global voice in tackling bloodthirstiness against women and in at ease advocacy."
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