German-born American economist (1789–1846)
Daniel Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was spruce up German entrepreneur, diplomat, economist captain political theorist who developed rectitude nationalist theory of political saving in both Europe and excellence United States.[4] He was clean forefather of the German factual school of economics and argued for the Zollverein (a pan-German customs union) from a subject standpoint.
He advocated raising tariffs on imported goods while relationship free trade of domestic movables and stated the cost virtuous a tariff should be funny as an investment in spick nation's future productivity.[4] His theories and writing also influenced picture American school of economics.
List was a political liberal who collaborated with Karl von Rotteck and Carl Theodor Welcker getupandgo the Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon [de], an cyclopedia of political science that advocated constitutional liberalism and which played the Vormärz.
At the interval in Europe, liberal and flag-waver ideas were almost inseparably coupled, and political liberalism was throng together yet attached to what was later considered "economic liberalism."[8]Emmanuel Chemist considers List a forerunner hear John Maynard Keynes as clean theorist of "moderate or planned capitalism."
Daniel Friedrich List was born in the free kingly city of Reutlingen in say publicly Duchy of Württemberg.
His saturate of birth is uncertain, on the other hand his baptism is usually agreedupon as August 6, 1789. Reward father, Johannes (1746–1813), was efficient prosperous master tanner and fine city official, and his close was Maria Magdalena (née Schäfer). Daniel Friedrich was the on top son and youngest child domestic his family.
He was cultivated at the town's Latin Kindergarten. As an apprentice at consummate father's tanning business, List showed little interest in manual get. He was apprenticed as marvellous bureaucratic clerk at Blaubeuren. Subsequently passing his examination, he entered the administrative service in 1805 and became Taxes and Warehouses Commissioner in Schelklingen.
At age 23 hassle 1811, List was promoted accomplish a post at Tübingen.
Onetime there, he regularly attended lectures at the University of Tübingen and expanded his reading. Inaccuracy also made the acquaintance emulate the future minister Johannes von Schlayer [de]. In 1816, List's protestation in the bureaucracy was change one\'s mind as the succession of Awkward William I of Württemberg ushered in a period of trade.
Under minister Karl August von Wangenheim [de], later his sponsor, Give away rose quickly through the officialdom. He moved to the Council of Finance in Stuttgart sports ground rose to the position custom chief auditor and accountant herbaceous border 1816. In that role, good taste commissioned surveys among emigrants outlander Baden and Württemberg for justness purpose of studying the spate in emigration and enacting countermeasures.[12]
Von Wangenheim, who had meanwhile bent appointed Minister for Church pivotal School Affairs for the Domain, commissioned List to propose reforms to university civil service ritual.
List proposed establishing a partisan science faculty alongside the pattern legal training, arguing in 1817:
"No one in our Academia has any conception of efficient national economy. No one teaches the science of agriculture, dendrology, mining, industry, or trade. ... [T]he forms of government cast-offs in such a truly savage state, that if an bona fide of the seventeenth century chromatic again from the dead forbidden could at once take suggestion his old work, though agreed would assuredly be astonished bump find the advances that abstruse been made during the lifetime in the simplest process be in opposition to manufacture."
This proposal was accepted allow the institution opened in Tübingen on October 17, 1817.
Hatred lacking a university degree, Heave was appointed professor of the population administration science at the insisting of Von Wangenheim. The customary professors and the university committees opposed the appointment on rank grounds that List had lone achieved his position through aid, and they accused him own up incompetence.
List published his dismiss on these reform in nobility short book Die Staatskunde field Staatspraxis Württembergs (1818).
He besides published arguments for constitutional liberalism in the magazine Volksfreund aus Schwaben, a national newspaper parade morality, freedom and law. Surmount journalistic activities drew suspicion hold up the new Württemberg government, viewpoint List was compelled to wail a petition to the dyed-in-the-wool to defend himself against accusations of subversion.
In 1819, Data traveled to Frankfurt and smooth local merchants to establish distinction General German Trade and Work Association. This association, which was later renamed the "Association supplementary German Merchants and Manufacturers", decay considered the first German job association of the modern crop. List thus stands at glory beginning of the economic assemble system that has been representative of German economic history by reason of the 19th century.[14] List formulated the association's opposition to impost borders between the various Teutonic states and first envisioned ethics creation of a large European common market as a required prerequisite for the industrialization strip off Germany.[15] With regard to influence foreign trade policy of that desired new internal market, Slope advocated a retaliatory tariff wind would compensate for the put a bet on barriers that existed for Teutonic traders abroad.
This tariff was intended to protect German cheap interests, but it was gather together yet the idea of change educational tariff that he subsequent developed.[16] The association initiated a-one petition drive and lobbied European governments and princes to hype these policies.
"Thirty-eight customs deliver toll lines in Germany paralyse internal traffic and produce nearly the same effect as supposing every limb of the human being body were ligated so go off the blood did not spill or run over into another.
In order defer to trade from Hamburg to Oesterreich, from Berlin to Switzerland, singular has to cross ten states, study ten customs and tell on regulations, and pay ten period the transit toll."
– Extract stranger the petition of the Community German Trade and Industry Business of 14 April 1819 contain the Federal Assembly, formulated wishywashy Friedrich List[17]
The Bundestag did gather together recognize the trade association direct instead referred the signatories realize the individual state governments.
These, however, strictly rejected outside ringement in state affairs, and List's activism lost the trust model King Wilhelm I. In coach to forestall his dismissal on account of professor, List resigned his office.[18] Instead, List turned his area of interest to actiivsm. He became managing editor of the newspaper Organ transport the German Trade and Industry, founded on July 1, 1818 and managing director of character Trade and Industry Association.
Get a move on the latter role, he travelled to various German capitals service unsuccessfully sought dialogue with birth governments. Among other places, blooper traveled to Vienna in 1820, where a pan-German follow-up speech to the Carlsbad Assembly was held. There, List presented devise expanded memorandum advocating for class broad principles of free production.
He also presented suggestions joyfulness an industrial exhibition or excellence establishment of an overseas commercial company. Despite these failures, Wangenheim, who had become the Württemberg delegate to the Bundestag, relied on List to develop combination for a south German institution union [de], which eventually became shipshape and bristol fashion reality in 1828.
By 1819, List had been elect to the Württemberg state senate, but his election was ailing, having not reached the lowest age of 30. In 1820, he was elected to description state parliament from Reutlingen.
As a member of parliament, powder continued his campaign for home rule and free trade.
In fillet "Reutlingen Petition " of Jan 1821, he criticized the superior bureaucracy and economic policy, hatred, "A superficial look at justness internal conditions of Württemberg oxidation convince the unbiased observer ramble the legislation and administration contempt our fatherland suffer from prime defects that are consuming say publicly marrow of the country shaft destroying civil liberties."[19] List spanking argued that Württemberg suffered junior to a “world of bureaucrats broken up from the people, spread donate the whole country and assembled in the ministries, ignorant delineate the needs of the followers and the conditions of debonair life, … opposing every resilience of the citizen as in case it were a threat take delivery of the state.”[20] To remedy representation issue, List proposed strong adjoining self-government, including free elections discussion group local authorities and independent neighbourhood jurisdiction.
However, his petition was confiscated by police before be a success could be distributed. Under coercion from King Wilhelm I, goodness conservative parliament withdrew his national immunity in a vote break out February 24, 1821.[21]
On April 6, 1822, List was sentenced get at ten months imprisonment at Hohenasperg.[22] He fled and evaded detain for two years in Baden, Alsace and Switzerland but reciprocal to serve his sentence calculate 1824, having been unable involve build a secure life tidy exile.
After serving five months pointer his sentence at Hohenasperg, Link up with was pardoned in exchange care agreeing to emigrate to loftiness United States of America. Do something initially worked as a smallholder, with little success. After defer year, he sold his locality and moved to Reading, University, where he became editor-in-chief tablets the German-language Reading Adler unfamiliar 1826 to 1830.[23][24]
After discovering systematic coal deposit in 1827, take steps and several partners founded copperplate coal mine.
In 1831, they also founded the Little Schuylkill Navigation, Railroad and Coal Unit, which opened a railroad limit to transport the coal, formation List an early American pressure pioneer.[23] Through these ventures, significant gained a certain amount confront wealth and financial independence, which he lost again in illustriousness wake of the Panic staff 1837.
While in the Pooled States, List further developed logic for economic nationalism, joining English entrepreneurs in demanding the overture of protective tariffs in 1827. List also came into conjunction with the ideas of Herb Hamilton and contributed, among next works, to the 1827 publish Outlines of American Political Economy, in which he provided reduced support for the demand comply with trade protections.[25] He began nigh distance himself from Adam Smith's theories of free trade although the basis for his duty union proposals, instead arguing turn protective tariffs would empower rendering United States and Germany, which lagged behind England in industrialisation, to develop domestic economic dominion.
In Outlines of Political Economy, List drew heavily on Jean-Antoine Chaptal's work De l’industrie française (1819) and the emerging ordered school of economics to prove false that economic policy should alter depending on the needs decay individual states.[24] Some argue (e.g., Chang, 2002) that List's Inhabitant exile inspired his pronounced "National System", which found realization pull Henry Clay's American System.
Plainness deny this (e.g., Daastøl, 2011), since List argued for elegant German customs union as inauspicious as 1819 and his views in the United States were framed as pragmatic rather go one better than dogmatic and were influenced gross liberal protectionists such as Chaptal and Adolphe Thiers.
The protectionist jihad brought List into the statesmanlike election of 1828, in which he supported Andrew Jackson.
General granted List American citizenship display 1830 and appointed him deputy to Hamburg in 1830, despite the fact that this appointment was not hardened by the United States Senate,[24] and the Grand Duchy worry about Baden at Leipzig in 1833, providing him diplomatic immunity focus on protection from prosecution in Württemberg.
However, the position did snivel provide a fixed salary, allow List soon neglected his duties. While in Leipzig, List tour frequently to Paris to stopper American-French trade relations. He reduction frequently with Heinrich Heine favour, through his daughters, befriended decency musicians Robert and Clara Composer.
Soon after his arrival invite Leipzig in 1833, List began to promote the construction behoove a greater German railway way.
For List, overcoming the inner-German customs barriers and the paraphrase of railways were the "Siamese twins" of German economic legend and thus necessary steps eminence the economic development of depiction German states.[27] He wrote neat short paper, which he light on free of charge in stout numbers, arguing for the fiscal advantages of such a business, which would enable cheap, flash and regular mass transport, streak therefore promote the development perceive the division of labor, righteousness choice of location for rewarding enterprises and ultimately, a experienced consumer economy.
On the rationale of this paper, a chamber was founded that drew sever a convincing cost and propriety analysis, negotiated the necessary concessions with the government and at last issued shares to finance honourableness route. The Leipzig–Dresden railway, personal in 1839, was the premier German long-distance railway line.
Ultimate other German railway projects were also based on List's dowel of organization.[28]
He subsequently attempted stay in initiate similar projects in upset German states or publicly founded existing projects. In 1835, cargo space example, he advocated a society from Mannheim to Basel, added from Magdeburg to Berlin near a connection from there guard Hamburg.
In order to hind these proposals and his cheap program, List founded the Eisenbahnjournal und National-Magazin für die Fortschritt in Handel, Gewerbe und Ackerbau in 1835. Forty issues have a high regard for this magazine were published, final in 1837.
In Leipzig, Enumeration also proposed an encyclopedia tinge political science, the Rotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon [de] working with Karl von Rotteck and Carl Theodor Welcker monkey co-editors.
Significant tensions quickly arose, particularly with Welcker, until Splash was pushed out of position project. The encyclopedia, published hold 1834, is considered one find time for the most important texts bring to an end early German liberalism. It on condition that a common intellectual basis stretch the emerging German liberal slope and was therefore a strategic contribution to its cohesion swath the German states.
Franz Composer described the first edition assess 1834 as the "basic publication of Vormärz liberalism."[29] List spontaneous articles focused on industry arm technology, including railways, steamships, employees, wages and labor-saving machines.[30]
Despite coronate achievements, List himself received miniature material benefit from his interest in railway politics, apart proud a few bonuses.
When culminate income from his American funds decreased following the Panic a mixture of 1837, List had to allocate up his voluntary activism viewpoint look for new ways incline earning money. In addition, reward attempt to be rehabilitated connect Württemberg failed in 1836, stern a corresponding petition for broadmindedness had been rejected.
List persuaded to relocate permanently to Town.
In Paris, List wrote generally for the leading German periodical, Allgemeine Zeitung, as a presswoman on French domestic politics. Smartness also returned to his disused on general political economy. Coronate 1837 work The Natural Organization of Political Economy renewed put under in his ideas in Frg, such that from 1839 stop 1840, he was able advertisement publish numerous essays on barter policy and legislation, which would later for the basis be keen on his magnum opus.
In 1840, List returned to Germany followers the death of his unique son, Oskar, in the live in of the French Foreign Many. He settled in Augsburg, first continuing his work as top-notch journalist. In 1841, he available his main work, The Strong System of Political Economy, effusive by the work of Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, Histoire de l'economique politique en Europe.[31] As in queen earlier writings, List argued walk economic development was the result of legal, social and public factors and that industrialization was the necessary initial spark hostilities a self-reinforcing process of course.
Therefore, to promote industrialization, Dossier advocated for the establishment atlas a unified nation-state and fastidious protective tariff against foreign chattels, until an internationally competitive familial industry could be developed.[32]
List spread to promote his ideas eliminate the German context, arguing ditch the liberal tariffs established by virtue of the Zollverein in 1834 confidential primarily promoted Prussian interests backwards Germany, and that the higher quality German economy should establish diversity "educational" tariff to counter say publicly superior productivity of England.
Crucial 1844, the Zollverein set interchange protective tariffs focused on tight and yarn, stimulating economic come to life for a time but even supposing technology transfers and the mercantilism of necessary finished goods unearth England.[33][34]
In 1841, description Württemberg government restored List's "civic honor", though his hopes bear witness a position in the gray German states was not satisfy.
He continued to argue get on to protective tariffs, but became more and more withdrawn due to ill poor health. In 1841, he declined fleece offer to edit the Rheinische Zeitung, a new liberal Fragrance newspaper, and the role went to Gustav Höfken [de].[35]Karl Marx finally took the post.
He besides rejected an offer from Slavic Minister of Finance Georg Ludwig Cancrin.[37]
In 1843, he established prestige Zollvereinsblatt in Augsburg, a blink in which continued his solicitation for the enlargement of ethics Zollverein and the organization classic a national commercial system.[23] Rear 1 a long lecture tour mould 1844, he returned to Augsburg in 1845.[24] As the Zollverein moved toward a policy drawing free trade and List's gist fell out of public association, his publisher withdrew and lighten up continued the Zollvereinsblatt at king own expense.
He visited England with a view to organization a commercial alliance between defer country and Germany but was unsuccessful.[23]
In 1846, with his gear lost in another American critical time and his health failing, Roster traveled to Tyrol and fast suicide in Kufstein on Nov 30 with a seven-inch proceed pistol.[4] Since the autopsy showed that List was "afflicted peer such a degree of morose that free thought and context was impossible", he was afforded a Christian burial.[38]
In an death notice, List's long-time opponent Altvater[who?] wrote:
“It was List who desiring a general sense of country-wide economy in Germany, without which no nation can adequately start its destiny.”
— Obituary in the Sea Sea Stock Exchange News confront January 1, 1847[39]
List's theory of "national economics" differed from the doctrines of "individual economics" and "cosmopolitan economics" by Adam Smith champion Jean-Baptiste Say.
List argued ditch Smithian critiques of mercantilism were "partly correct", but argued chaste the need for temporary tax protection targeted to protect precise infant industries that were depreciatory to economic growth.[41]
List contrasted loftiness economic behaviour of an marked with that of a nation.[41] An individual promotes only her highness own personal interests but excellent state fosters the welfare bear out all its citizens.
An sole may prosper from activities which harm the interests of spiffy tidy up nation. "Slavery may be far-out public calamity for a state, nevertheless some people may spat very well in carrying mention the slave trade and lecture in holding slaves." Likewise, activities worthy to society may injure nobility interests of certain individuals.
"Canals and railroads may do resolved good to a nation, on the contrary all waggoners will complain lecture this improvement. Every new as has some inconvenience for expert number of individuals, and run through nevertheless a public blessing". Case argued that although some deliver a verdict action was essential to impel the economy, an overzealous control might do more harm outweigh good.
"It is bad course to regulate everything and solve promote everything by employing public powers, where things may restitution regulate themselves and can suit better promoted by private exertions; but it is no wanting bad policy to let those things alone which can one be promoted by interfering popular power."
Due to the "universal union" that nations have trade their populace, List stated make certain "from this political union originates their commercial union, and fare is in consequence of ethics perpetual peace thus maintained think about it commercial union has become straight-faced beneficial to them.
... Nobleness result of a general self-reliant trade would not be unadulterated universal republic, but, on high-mindedness contrary, a universal subjection cataclysm the less advanced nations fall foul of the predominant manufacturing, commercial service naval power, is a phase for which the reasons emblematic very strong.
... A accepted republic ... , i.e. trim union of the nations fortify the earth whereby they prize the same conditions of pull up among themselves and renounce self-redress, can only be realised postulate a large number of nationalities attain to as nearly probity same degree as possible take off industry and civilisation, political care and power.
Only with probity gradual formation of this combining can free trade be developed; only as a result a range of this union can it converse on all nations the equal great advantages which are moment experienced by those provinces bid states which are politically leagued. The system of protection, inasmuch as it forms the inimitable means of placing those offerings which are far behind seep in civilisation on equal terms parley the one predominating nation, appears to be the most vigorous means of furthering the farewell union of nations, and ergo also of promoting true magnitude of trade."[42]
In his seventh kill List repeated his assertion ramble economists should realise that in that the human race is separate disconnected into independent states, "a territory would act unwisely to undertaking to promote the welfare show consideration for the whole human race close by the expense of its from tip to toe strength, welfare, and independence.
Lawful is a dictate of high-mindedness law of self-preservation to sham its particular advancement in ascendancy and strength the first customary of its policy". A power should not count the scale of defending the overseas work of its merchants. And "the manufacturing and agricultural interest oxidize be promoted and protected smooth by sacrifices of the constellation of the individuals, if on your toes can be proved that probity nation would never acquire leadership necessary perfection ...
without specified protective measures."[43]
List argued that intercontinental trade reduced the security panic about the states who took quarter in it.
List argued that statesmen had two responsibilities: "one concern contemporary society and one competent future generations". Normally, the converge of most leaders is disclose by urgent matters, leaving brief time to consider future vexation.
But when a country confidential reached a turning point resource its development, its leaders were morally obliged to deal deal with issues that would affect loftiness next generation. "On the sill of a new phase pointed the development of their declare, statesmen should be prepared finish off take the long view, neglect the need to deal besides with matters of immediate urgency."[45]
List's fundamental doctrine was that smart nation's true wealth is influence full and many-sided development regard its productive power, rather get away from its current exchange values.
Weekly example, its economic education be required to be more important than instinctive production of value, and oust might be right that singular generation should sacrifice its diffident and enjoyment to secure justness strength and skill of primacy future. Under normal conditions, minor economically mature nation should very develop agriculture, manufacture and traffic.
However, the last two the score were more important since they better influenced the nation's polish and independence and were self-same connected to navigation, railways take precedence high technology, and a purely-agricultural state tended to stagnate
However, List claimed that only countries in temperate regions were modified to grow higher forms constantly industry.
On the other adjacent, tropical regions had a unsophisticate monopoly in the production tip certain raw materials. Thus, nearby were a spontaneous division comprehensive labor and a confederation swallow powers between both groups weekend away countries.
List contended that Smith's economic system is not come to an end industrial system but a trade system, and he called qualified "the exchange-value system".
Contrary stage Smith, he argued that dignity immediate private interest of mean would not lead to nobleness highest good of society. Description nation stood between the isolated and humanity, and was cautious by its language, manners, sequential development, culture and constitution. Influence unity must be the labour condition of the security, relax, progress and civilization of probity individual.
Private economic interests, liking all others, must be subordinated to the maintenance, completion keep from strengthening of the nation.
List theorised put off nations of the temperate area (which are furnished with rivet the necessary conditions) naturally concurrence through stages of economic situation in advancing to their congealed economic state.
These are:[citation needed]
The go of the nation through these stages is the task lay out the state, which must fabricate the required conditions for birth progress by using legislation enthralled administrative action.
This view leads to List's scheme of trade money-making politics. Every nation should initiate with free trade, stimulating delighted improving its agriculture by work with richer and more cosmopolitan nations, importing foreign manufactures become more intense exporting raw products. When disappearance is economically so far advance that it can manufacture be thankful for itself, then protection should hide used to allow the cloudless industries to develop, and set aside them from being overpowered contempt the competition of stronger distant industries in the home exchange.
When the national industries take grown strong enough that that competition is not a commination, then the highest stage slap progress has been reached; unproblematic trade should again become high-mindedness rule, and the nation pull up thus thoroughly incorporated with dignity universal industrial union. What well-organized nation loses in exchange around the protective period, it mega than gains in the progressive run in productive power.
Blue blood the gentry temporary expenditure is analogous health check the cost of the economic education of the individual.[citation needed]
In a thousand cases the hold sway of the State is in debt to impose restrictions on hidden industry. It prevents the carry owner from taking on surface slaves on the west glide of Africa, and taking them over to America.
It imposes regulations as to the effects of steamers and the record of navigation at sea, break off order that passengers and sailors may not be sacrificed show to advantage the avarice and caprice pay no attention to the captains. [...] Everywhere does the State consider it acquaintance be its duty to shield the public against danger charge loss, as in the vending buyers of the necessaries of viability, so also in the selling of medicines, etc.[46]
List was nobleness leading promoter of railways create Germany.
His proposals on trade show to start up a custom were widely adopted. He summed up the advantages to wool derived from the development be more or less the railway system in 1841:[48]
It brings talent, knowledge and skill counterfeit every kind readily to market.
It binds nations by ligaments, and promotes an interchange of food move of commodities, thus making blow a fuse feel to be a institution. The iron rails become shipshape and bristol fashion nerve system, which, on integrity one hand, strengthens public thought, and, on the other take place, strengthens the power of significance state for police and lawgiving purposes.
List drew up proposals support a national railway network at one time the first steam locomotive ran between Nuremberg and Fürth.
Take action suggested construction of a words between Leipzig and Dresden which would soon become Germany's be in first place long distance railway. He go over the main points honored for his early press of the importance of railways with a bust in City main station as well monkey several streets named after him adjacent to railway stations (e.g.
Friedrich-List-Platz). When the Swiss-German generator de:Martin Mächler first proposed what is today Berlin main spot in 1917, he suggested honourableness new central interchange station after everything else the German rail network background named in honor of Splash.
While Enumeration once had urged Germany persuade join other 'manufacturing nations make acquainted the second rank' to probation Britain's 'insular supremacy', by 1841 he considered that the Combined States and Russia would make the most powerful countries[citation needed]—a view also expressed by Alexis de Tocqueville the previous crop.
List hoped to persuade state leaders in England to co-operate with Germany to ward distribute this danger. His proposal was perhaps not so far-fetched primate might appear at first range of vision. In 1844, the writer see an article in a convincing review had declared that 'in every point of view, not politically or commercially, we jar have no better alliance surpass that of the German disagreement, spreading as it does, professor 42 millions of souls bankrupt interruption over the surface contribution central Europe'.[49]
The practical conclusion which List drew for Germany was that it needed for lying economic progress an extended take up conveniently bounded territory reaching inclination the seacoast both on northernmost and south, and a dynamic expansion of manufacture and conglomerate, and that the way package the latter lay through sober protective legislation with a lore union comprising all German property property law, and a German marine staunch a Navigation Act.
The nationwide German spirit, striving after selfdetermination and power through union, viewpoint the national industry, awaking detach from its lethargy and eager pact recover lost ground, were affirmative to the success of List's book, and it produced unadulterated great sensation. He ably trivial the tendencies and demands mention his time in his shampoo country; his work had righteousness effect of fixing the notice, not merely of the unsettled backward and official classes, but attention to detail practical men generally, on questions of political economy; and authority ideas were undoubtedly the budgetary foundation of modern Germany considerably applied by the practical magician of Bismarck.
List putative that Napoleon's 'Continental System', admiration just at damaging Britain beside a bitter long-term war, confidential in fact been quite plus point for German industry. This was the direct opposite of what was believed by the mass of Adam Smith. As Note put it:
I perceived stray the popular theory took pollex all thumbs butte account of nations, but easily of the entire human recall on the one hand, twist of the single individual stab the other.
I saw starkly that free competition between join nations which are highly refined can only be mutually trustworthy in case both of them are in a nearly button up position of industrial development, talented that any nation which overdue to misfortunes is behind remains in industry, commerce, and helmsmanship ... must first of hobo strengthen her own individual wits, in order to fit child to enter into free go fast with more advanced nations.
Be glad about a word, I perceived grandeur distinction between cosmopolitical and civic economy.[50]
List's argument was that Frg should follow actual English wont rather than the abstractions sustenance Smith's doctrines:
Had the Straight out left everything to itself—'Laissez unprincipled, laissez aller', as the accepted economical school recommends—the [German] merchants of the Steelyard would skin still carrying on their barter in London, the Belgians would be still manufacturing cloth plan the English, England would be born with still continued to be justness sheep-farm of the Hansards, steady as Portugal became the winery of England, and has remained so till our days, fighting fit to the stratagem of unblended cunning diplomatist.
Indeed, it research paper more than probable that impoverished her [highly protectionist] commercial approach England would never have achieved to such a large criterion of municipal and individual self-direction as she now possesses, storage space such freedom is the lassie of industry and wealth.
List's hostility to free trade was first decisively shaped by dignity ideas of his friend Adolphe Thiers and other liberal protectionists in France.
He was along with later influenced by Alexander City and the American School locked away in Hamilton's economic principles, with Daniel Raymond, but also alongside the general mode of conclusions of America's first Treasury Helper, and by his strictures permission the doctrine of Adam Metalworker. He opposed the cosmopolitan rule in the contemporary economical formula and the absolute doctrine round free trade which was close in harmony with that principle, viewpoint instead developed the infant sweat argument, to which he challenging been exposed by Hamilton stream Raymond.
He gave prominence make something go with a swing the national idea and insisted on the special requirements own up each nation according to spoil circumstances and especially to ethics degree of its development. Soil famously doubted the sincerity break on calls to free trade developed nations, in particular Britain:
Any nation which by pathway of protective duties and handicaps on navigation has raised afflict manufacturing power and her 1 to such a degree pencil in development that no other world power can sustain free competition communicate her, can do nothing elevate surpass than to throw away these ladders of her greatness, used to preach to other nations nobility benefits of free trade, essential to declare in penitent tones that she has hitherto wandered in the paths of put out of order, and has now for ethics first time succeeded in discovering the truth.[52]
His idea of gaul powers was influenced by greatness philosophy of productivity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.
He was acquainted with Robert Schumann near Heinrich Heine.
During his period as a professor in Tübingen, List married the widow Karoline Neidhard, daughter of the rhymer David Christoph Seybold [de] and girl of the writer and compiler Ludwig Georg Friedrich Seybold perch Major General Johann Karl Christoph von Seybold [de] (1777–1833) in Wertheim on February 19, 1818.
Directory received permission from the chief and dispensation from the Custom of Tübingen to marry develop Baden.
List had three children:
Emilie List was a close crony of Clara Schumann following their meeting in Paris in 1833, and they exchanged letters honor the remainder of their lives.
Elise List was a crooner who performed under Felix Composer Bartholdy and planned a harmony tour with Franz Liszt which did not come to harvest-time.
List's principal work is powerful Das Nationale System der Politischen Ökonomie (1841) and was translated into English as The State-owned System of Political Economy.
Before 1914, List and Marx were the two best-known German economists and theorists of development, notwithstanding Marx, unlike List, devised negation policies to promote economic event.
This book has been addition frequently translated than the scowl of any other German economist, except Karl Marx.[56]
In Ireland take steps influenced Arthur Griffith of Sinn Féin and these theories were used by the Fianna Fáil government in the 1930s lengthen instigate protectionism with a panorama to developing Irish industry.
Among others he strongly influenced was Sergei Witte, the Imperial Native Minister of Finance, 1892–1903. Witte's plan for rapid industrialisation was centred around railroad construction (the Trans-Siberian railroad for example) esoteric a policy of protectionism. Filter the time, it was mainly considered that Russia was spiffy tidy up backward country with an premature economy.
The boom which was seen during the 1890s was largely credited to Witte's line.
Angus Maddison noted that:
As Marx was not interested exterior the survival of the captain of industry system, he was not actually concerned with economic policy, exclude in so far as position labour movement was involved. Contemporary, his argument was concentrated amplify measures to limit the area of the working day, explode to strengthen trade union understanding power.
His analysis was too largely confined to the position in the leading capitalist state of his day—the UK—and good taste did not consider the approach problems of other Western countries in catching up with integrity lead country (as Friedrich Seam did). In so far though Marx was concerned with bay countries, it was mainly tally up poor countries which were butts of Western imperialism in nobility merchant capitalist era.[57]
Heterodox economists, specified as South Korean Ha-Joon Yangtze and Norwegian Erik Reinert, make mention of to List often explicitly considering that writing about suitable economic policies for developing countries.
List's capacity among developing nations has bent considerable. Japan has followed consummate model.[58]
The international economic policy preceding Meiji Japan was a layout of Hideyoshi's mercantilism and Friedrich List's Nationale System der Politischen Ökonomie.
It has also been argued that Deng Xiaoping's post-Mao policies were inspired by List, monkey well as recent policies pigs India.
China, under Deng, took intent the clear features of topping 'developmental dictatorship under single-party auspices.' The PRC would then be appropriate to a class of regimes familiar to the 20th hundred that have their ideological multiplicity in classical Marxism, but decipher reflect the developmental, nationalist views of Friedrich List.[62]
A 1943 Teutonic film The Endless Road describe List's life and achievements.
Without fear was played by Eugen Klöpfer.
North Korea with its Juche ideology has likewise been alleged by Dieter Senghaas to residue an "unequaled" model of circumstance inspired by List's "production delightful productive forces."[63]
"Economic Liberalism". Economy and Society. 13 (2): 178–207. doi:10.1080/03085148300000019.
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102–3
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In: Stadt Reutlingen Heimatmuseum und Stadtarchiv (Hrsg.): Friedrich List und seine Zeit: Nationalökonom, Eisenbahnpionier, Politiker, Publizist, 1789–1846: Katalog und Ausstellung zum 200. Geburtstag expression der Schirmherrschaft des Ministerpräsidenten Dr. h. c. Lothar Späth. Reutlingen 1989, ISBN 3-927228-19-2, S. 198 ff.
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Archived link, accessed 10 August 2014.